The search for sustainable and efficient energy conversion technologies is becoming increasingly critical in response to global energy and environmental challenges. Traditional lead-based piezoelectric materials, such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), have high piezoelectric constant but present significant health problems and environmental risks due to their hazardous metal contaminants. This study addresses these concerns by investigating barium titanate (BTO), a lead-free alternative, and enhancing its performance using anisotropic nanowires (NWs) structures. BTO NWs were synthesized via a two-step hydrothermal method and incorporated into a poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] matrix to fabricate a piezoelectric composite film. The resulting device demonstrated a notable increase in electrical output compared to devices based on isotropic morphology of BTO nanoparticles, exhibiting enhanced performance. These findings suggest that BTO NWs hold significant promise for applications in flexible and wearable electronics, paving the way for further advancements in sustainable energy technology.

Citations

• Interphase engineering in carbon black–reinforced piezoelectric nanocomposites: A combined experimental and micromechanical modeling study
  Ziwen Zhao, Masoumeh Khamehchi, Mohammad J. Mahmoodi, Zhenjin Wang, Fumio Narita
  Materials & Design.2026; 268: 116391.     CrossRef
• MXene-reinforced ultrasensitive piezoelectric pressure sensors based on P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers with hybrid nanofillers
  Jingyi Yang, Jianqiao Wang, Zike Guo, Shuai Liu, Yaohua Dong, Peng Zhou, Tianjin Zhang, Yajun Qi
  Journal of Alloys and Compounds.2026; 1079: 189867.     CrossRef
• Layer-engineered BNBT–polymer films for multifunctional applications
  M. Vijatovic Petrovic, A. Dzunuzovic, J. Bobic, Z. Despotovic, F. Cordero, E. Mercadelli, Z. Radovanovic, F. Craciun
  Journal of Alloys and Compounds.2026; 1079: 189972.     CrossRef
• Piezoionic sensor devices of integrated gradient electrolyte gels
  Yi Fang, Hongbing Li, Taeuk Eom, Chang Kyu Jeong, Yong Zhang
  Chemical Engineering Journal.2026; 540: 177542.     CrossRef
• Interfacial polarization triggered by low-k fillers boosts piezoelectricity of MMT/PT composites for intelligent health monitoring
  Yong Ao, Junjun Yuan, Wenqi Yu, Rui Yuan, Boling Lan, Shenglong Wang, Tingting Zhou, Guicen Liu, Wei Zhao, Zhiyuan Gao, Xiaofei Jiang, Weili Deng, Long Jin, Weiqing Yang
  Journal of Materials Chemistry A.2026; 14(57): 39367.     CrossRef
• Interfacial Engineering of Composite Piezoelectric Fibers Via an Anchor-Chain Architecture
  Jun Liu, Qiao Zhou, Pengcheng Zhang, Shuying Hu, Fang Zhou, Shuangshuang Ren, Ting Guo, Leiying Miao
  ACS Applied Engineering Materials.2026; 4(8): 4367.     CrossRef
• High-output droplet driven-based triboelectric nanogenerator for integrated electrothermal energy conversion
  Pengfei Wang, Di Yang, Nannan Wang, Jie Meng, Lanyue Cui, Weixiang Sun, Daoai Wang
  Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering.2026; 14(5): 125134.     CrossRef
• Strain-insensitive static and dynamic pressure sensing in a piezoionic hydrogel under 200% stretching
  Prisca Putri Elesta, Epsita Kar, Jinhwan Yoon
  Nano Energy.2026; 159: 112469.     CrossRef
• Interfacially programmed co-assembly of multimodal piezoelectric polymer foams via balanced amphiphilicity for adaptive self-powered electronics
  Menghui Wang, Huihui Li, Wenyue Wang, Tianyu Zheng, Chenchen Wu, Donghai Qiu, Bo Lu, Binbin Dong, Chuntai Liu, Changyu Shen
  Nano Energy.2026; 159: 112430.     CrossRef
• Recent advances in piezoelectric energy harvesting: materials, configurations, optimization techniques, and emerging applications
  Mir Waqas Alam, Sohail Ahmad Parah, Farooq Ahmad Dar, Abdulrahman Aljasim, Chawki Awada, Rameez Ahmad Parra
  Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Flexible piezoelectric sensing based on a microcolumn-to-microcolumn architecture of BNKT-ST/P(VDF-TrFE) composite
  Guiyun Gao, Tong Pan, Panpan Lv, Wentao Yang, Shuzhi Zhang, Hang Zhan, Cuncheng Li, Luchao Ren, Jin Qian, Mingwei Zhang
  Ceramics International.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

The rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) servers and high-performance computing systems has significantly elevated the technical and reliability requirements for multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). In such systems, MLCCs are critical passive components that must deliver high capacitance, fast transient response, and robust insulation performance under high temperature, voltage, and current density. This review examines the material, structural, and process innovations that underpin MLCC performance in AI applications. Key topics include the development of ultrathin dielectric layers (<0.5 μm), rare-earth doped BaTiO₃-based dielectrics with enhanced DC bias stability, and core-shell microstructures designed for temperature and field resilience. The paper also explores insulation degradation mechanisms―such as vacancydriven conduction and demixing―and advanced reliability assessment methodologies, including HALT, TSDC, and the tipping point framework. Comparisons with automotive-grade MLCCs highlight the unique requirements of AI systems, such as ultraminiaturization, high volumetric efficiency, and ppm-level field failure rates. Finally, the review discusses emerging trends in MLCC technology, including particle engineering, interface stabilization, and advanced lamination techniques, and provides insight into the future direction of capacitor development tailored to AI data center environments.

Citations

• Reliability enhancement in Dy-doped BaTiO3 nanoceramics: from core–shell structure to phase-field modeling
  Shuyan Huang, Xinjie Wang, Mengjian Xiao, Xu Cheng, Xiaohui Wang
  Journal of Materials Science.2026; 61(37): 27665.     CrossRef
• Key factors determining high-temperature operating lifetime of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs)
  Yuto Tomura, Tzu-han Weng, Yusuke Oba, Tomohiro Kajita, Daiki Ishii
  Japanese Journal of Applied Physics.2026; 65(16): 16SP05.     CrossRef
• Effect of BaZrO3 Addition on the Frequency and Temperature Dependent Dielectric Properties of BaTiO3-Based Ceramics
  Won-Su Lee, Jong Kyu Lee, Moon-Taek Cho, Jung Rag Yoon
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 478.     CrossRef
• Manufacturing Process Optimization of Oxide-Based Multilayer Ceramic Batteries Using Multilayer Ceramic Processing Technologies
  Won-Su Lee, Jong Kyu Lee, Jung Rag Yoon
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 519.     CrossRef
• Particle Size-Controlled and Characteristics of Hydrothermally Synthesized BaTiO3 Nanoparticles
  Youngseo Song, Chang Kyu Jeong
  Ceramist.2026; 29(3): 444.     CrossRef
• Architecture-dependent microstructural and dielectric evolution of BaTiO3-based dielectrics from bulk ceramics to multilayer ceramic capacitors
  Huizhan He, Saiwei Luan, Junhui Tan, Zhangping Wu, Lei Zhang
  Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Energy harvesting technology offers an innovative solution for providing self-sustaining power to wearable and implantable electronic devices. However, traditional energy harvesters face limitations in operating within electrolytic environments or at low motion speeds. To overcome these challenges, a mechano-electrochemical energy harvester using carbon nanotubes has been developed. This technology relies on electrochemical ion movement to induce changes in electrochemical double-layer capacitance, enabling operation within electrolytes and optimizing performance at low deformation speeds. This environmentally friendly and sustainable energy solution is expected to play a crucial role in the advancement of future smart systems and wearable technologies.

Citations

• Fabrication and performance of integrated self-powered PAAM hydrogel flexible pressure sensors
  Huaikuan Zang, Chao Hu, Pan Niu, Yong Zhang
  Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing.2026; 214: 110899.     CrossRef
• Piezoionic sensor devices of integrated gradient electrolyte gels
  Yi Fang, Hongbing Li, Taeuk Eom, Chang Kyu Jeong, Yong Zhang
  Chemical Engineering Journal.2026; 540: 177542.     CrossRef
• Covalent Interfacial Anchoring of 1D‐2D Hybrid Nanofillers to Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Networks Enables High‐Strength, High‐Stiffness Hydrogel Fibers
  Dong Yeop Lee, Ji Hwan Moon, Hocheol Gwac, Gyu Hyeon Song, Hyunsoo Kim, Yongwoo Jang, Changsoon Choi, Seon Jeong Kim
  Advanced Materials.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mechano-Electrochemical Sensor Using CNT/SEBS Bilayer
  Seokkan Ki, Junyoung Lee, Hyeon Jun Sim
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 532.     CrossRef
• Hierarchically Chiral Self‐Plied Yarn for Torsional Stability and Self‐Recovery, and Its Application to Direction‐Selective, Low‐Frequency, Wide‐Range Mechano‐Electrochemical Torsional Sensor
  Hyunsoo Kim, Youngkun Hong, Seonghyun Kim, Wonkyeong Son, Jae Myeong Lee, Ha Eun Cho, Jeongyun Kim, Jae Sang Hyeon, Yongwoo Jang, Jeyeong Kim, Seongjae Oh, Shi Hyeong Kim, Seon Jeong Kim, Changsoon Choi, Young‐Jin Kim, Hyeon Jun Sim
  Advanced Functional Materials.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Lead-free bismuth sodium titanate (BNT)-based ceramics have attracted strong attention as environmentally benign dielectric materials for high-efficiency electrostatic energy-storage capacitors. A key challenge is that pristine BNT typically exhibits large hysteresis, high remnant polarization, and limited dielectric reliability, which restrict recoverable energy storage and efficiency under practical electric fields. Here, we present a focused mini-review of recent studies to clarify how composition design, phase boundary tuning, defect chemistry, and microstructural control collectively enable slim or pinched polarization-electric field (P-E) behavior and improved energy-storage functionality in BNT-related bulk ceramics. The reviewed outcomes consistently show that stabilizing relaxor states governed by polar nanoregions (PNRs), often via solid-solution engineering and secondary relaxor/antiferroelectric-like incorporation, suppresses irreversible switching and reduces hysteresis loss, while densification and grain-size control enhance electrical homogeneity and breakdown strength. In addition, defect-mediated tuning of oxygen vacancy-related complexes is highlighted as an independent lever to control relaxor ergodicity and polarization reversibility, providing a complementary route to slim-loop optimization. These insights are expected to guide integrated design strategies that couple phase/relaxor-state engineering with defect and microstructure optimization, accelerating the development of reliable, temperature-robust, lead-free dielectric capacitors based on BNT-related ceramics.

Citations

• Progress and outlook of dielectric energy storage characteristics of Lead–free (K,Na)NbO3 based bulk ceramics/composite films for capacitors
  Twinkle, Varun Kamboj, Chetna, Arun Kumar Singh, Gurpreet Singh, Sanjeev Kumar
  Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science.2026; 44: 101297.     CrossRef
• Structural Stability and Electromechanical Response of Lead-Free (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3‒SrTiO3 Ceramics Under A-Site Strontium Non-Stoichiometry
  Yubin Kang, Trang An Duong, Gwang-Hwi Jeong, Chang Won Ahn, Yong-Jai Kwon, Hyoung-Su Han
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 549.     CrossRef
• Antiferrodistortive Matrix Engineering Reprograms Polarization Pathways for Ultrahigh Energy Storage at Moderate Electric Fields
  Leiyang Zhang, Hongchen Wang, Linpeng Tang, Yuxuan Yang, Ruiyi Jing, Yang Li, Yunyao Huang, Zizheng Song, Liqiang He, Dong Wang, Tengfei Hu, Zhanbing He, Yang Zhang, Haijun Wu, Li Jin
  Advanced Energy Materials.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

This study developed a dielectric composition for high-capacitance MLCCs with C0G and U2J temperature compensation characteristics (Class I) under reducing conditions. The potential application of this composition in highpermittivity class I MLCCs was examined. Using (Ba₀.₂₄Ca₀.₁₆Sr₀.₆)(TiₓZr₁₋ₓ)O₃. XRD analysis showed that secondary phases like Sr₂TiO₄ and TiO₂ formed at higher Ti content, affecting the stoichiometric balance. Adjusting the Ti/Zr molar ratio resulted in a dielectric constant of 41.2 ~ 105, a dielectric loss of 0.082 ~ 0.174%, and insulation resistance above 1.6 × 10¹³ ohms at 25℃. The TCC shifted from C0G to U2J as the Ti/Zr ratio increased, but the composition enabled the design of high-capacitance and high-voltage MLCCs with favorable dielectric and electrical properties.

Citations

• High-throughput ceramics processing method using cellulose nanofiber dispersions for rapid materials exploration
  Sou Yasuhara, Yosuke Sugita, Masaki Tozuka, Takuya Hoshina
  Journal of Materials Chemistry C.2026; 14(31): 14136.     CrossRef
• Thermally stimulated depolarization current study of acceptor-doped zirconate-based perovskites
  Rena Isowaki, Masaya Kawaguchi, Keisuke Kishi, Toshiki Okazaki, Maiko Nagayoshi, Kiyoshi Matsubara, Takao Sada
  Japanese Journal of Applied Physics.2026; 65(15): 151003.     CrossRef
• Superior energy storage performance and stability in BNKBT-based high-entropy ceramics under moderate electric fields
  Chang Liu, Huihua Min, Min Li, Tong Tong, Chongguang Lyu
  Ceramics International.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

This study examined the crystallinity and potential of BaTiO₃ powder, prepared by hydrothermal synthesis at 60 nm, as a dielectric material for automotive MLCCs under varying heat treatment temperatures. At temperatures above 850℃, the powder exhibited an orthorhombic structure, with crystallinity and particle size increasing as the temperature rose. In the range of 850~900℃, the powder displayed a uniform particle size distribution and minimal agglomeration, with particles ranging between 150~200 nm. Additionally, it was confirmed that the heat treatment temperature significantly impacts the properties of BaTiO₃ powder, which are critical for the dielectric performance required in X7R MLCCs used in automotive applications. Specifically, high-temperature treatment (above 850℃) was essential for enhancing the powder's crystallinity and forming a stable core-shell structure, which is crucial for achieving stable TCC (Temperature Coefficient of Capacitance) characteristics. It was confirmed that increased crystallinity at temperatures above 850℃ facilitated the development of the core-shell structure through interactions with additives, thereby achieving the necessary characteristics required for highly reliable automotive MLCCs.

Citations

• [100]-Oriented BaTiO₃ via reaction-mediated texturing with SrTiO₃ templates
  Nu-Ri Ko, Jinsung Chun, Kutak Lee, Chang Kyu Jeong, Wook Jo
  Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society.2026; 63(4): 574.     CrossRef
• Effect of BaZrO3 Addition on the Frequency and Temperature Dependent Dielectric Properties of BaTiO3-Based Ceramics
  Won-Su Lee, Jong Kyu Lee, Moon-Taek Cho, Jung Rag Yoon
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 478.     CrossRef
• Enhanced dielectric performance in BaTiO3 ceramics by diffusion-controlled core-shell structuring with 2D Ca2Nb3O10 nanosheets
  Tae Yeong Song, Junwon Lee, Nayeon Kwon, Do-Kyun Kwon
  Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society.2026; 63(5): 1194.     CrossRef

This review offers a critical overview of recent developments in lead-free piezoelectric materials and flexible device architectures for self-powered wearable and Internet of Things systems. It examines the scientific and technological rationale for replacing conventional battery-dependent power sources with ambient mechanical energy harvesters, and it evaluates the relative merits of inorganic ceramics, organic polymers, and composite systems in achieving efficient electromechanical conversion under practical operating conditions. The discussion further considers compositional tuning, phase boundary engineering, microstructural optimization, and device-level integration as key strategies for improving piezoelectric output, mechanical compliance, durability, and manufacturability. By connecting fundamental materials design with application-driven device requirements, the review identifies the principal challenges and emerging directions necessary for the realization of reliable, scalable, and sustainable electronic platforms.

Citations

• Recent progress on piezoelectric and ferroelectric films for human-machine interactive smart devices
  Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Kwi-Il Park
  Materials Today Physics.2026; 68: 102243.     CrossRef
• Recent advances in piezoelectric energy harvesting: materials, configurations, optimization techniques, and emerging applications
  Mir Waqas Alam, Sohail Ahmad Parah, Farooq Ahmad Dar, Abdulrahman Aljasim, Chawki Awada, Rameez Ahmad Parra
  Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Metamaterials, as artificially engineered structures with unconventional mechanical and acoustic properties, have recently emerged as a transformative platform for enhancing the capabilities of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) systems. Since the invention of TENG devices, extensive efforts have been devoted to improving charge density, output stability, and overall performance. Conventional performance optimization strategies mainly rely on device-level improvements such as surface chemistry modification, microstructuring, and nanopatterning. However, limited emphasis has been given to system-level development of smart self-powered intelligent systems. The integration of metamaterials into TENG devices opens a new era by enabling frequency-selective localization, mechanical impedance matching, and controllable deformation pathways. These engineered mechanical structures not only improve energy harvesting efficiency but also introduce new functionalities into the system. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in metamaterial-integrated TENG systems across four major application domains: (i) energy harvesting, (ii) acoustic telecommunication and acoustic-to-electric conversion, (iii) self-powered sensing, and (iv) vibration suppression and monitoring. Overall, the integration of metamaterials into TENG systems will pave the way for next-generation sustainable, intelligent, self-powered devices with diverse functionalities.

Citations

• Fabrication and performance of integrated self-powered PAAM hydrogel flexible pressure sensors
  Huaikuan Zang, Chao Hu, Pan Niu, Yong Zhang
  Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing.2026; 214: 110899.     CrossRef
• Highly Stretchable Multiphase Composite Piezoelectret With Large Longitudinal and Transverse Piezoelectric Sensitivity for Self-Powered Electromechanical Sensors
  Yanfeng Lyu, Tiantian Gao, Jian Li, Zheng Hu, Xunlin Qiu, Yanxun Xiang, Fu-Zhen Xuan, Wee Chen Gan, Dietmar Auhl
  IEEE Sensors Journal.2026; 26(18): 27090.     CrossRef

Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) are essential for high-capacitance, miniaturized, and reliable electronic applications. This study examines the impact of layer stacking on the dielectric and electrical properties of MLCCs using a BaTiO₃-based dielectric with MgO, Mn₃O₄, Yb₂O₃, V₂O₅, and (BaCa)SiO₃ glass additives. MLCCs with 10 um-thick dielectric layers and varying Ni electrode layers (10, 30, 50, and 100 layers) were fabricated. The dielectric constant increases significantly up to 30 layers due to compressive stress and sintering densification but it becomes linear beyond 30 layers. Dissipation factor and ESR decrease with higher stacking due to improved sinterability, while breakdown voltage declines exponentially from defect accumulation and thermal stress. Insulation resistance decreases but stabilizes relative to capacitance. C-V results show stress-induced polarization suppression, which reduces the dielectric constant under high voltage. Optimized stacking and sintering conditions are crucial for MIL-PRF-32535 compliant MLCC designs.

Citations

• [100]-Oriented BaTiO₃ via reaction-mediated texturing with SrTiO₃ templates
  Nu-Ri Ko, Jinsung Chun, Kutak Lee, Chang Kyu Jeong, Wook Jo
  Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society.2026; 63(4): 574.     CrossRef
• Effect of BaZrO3 Addition on the Frequency and Temperature Dependent Dielectric Properties of BaTiO3-Based Ceramics
  Won-Su Lee, Jong Kyu Lee, Moon-Taek Cho, Jung Rag Yoon
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 478.     CrossRef

Abstract In this study, to develop composition ceramics for energy harvesting devices, Pb(Ni_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-Pb(Zr Ti)O₃ system ceramics substituted with Pb(Mg_1/2W_1/2)O₃ were manufactured by conventional mixed oxide method using Li₂CO₃ and Na₂CO₃ (LNCO) as sintering aids. Their microstructure and piezoelectric properties were also investigated. At the specimen sintered at 930℃, high values of piezoelectric properties appeared: the dielectric constant (εr) of 2,522 planar electromechanical coupling factor kp of 0.602, and k₃₁ of 0.385, d31 = 229 [pC/N], g₃₁ = 10.13 [mV.m/N], Qm of 70, respectively. These values were suitable for the application of devices such as energy harvesting devices and ultrasonic devices.

Citations

• Optimization of the annealing process significantly enhances the breakdown field strength and energy storage performance of Pb0.92La0.08(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin films
  Dongchun Qiu, Jianing Zhu, Piyu Gong, Shibing Xiao, Huiting Sui, Huajun Sun
  Journal of Alloys and Compounds.2026; 1080: 190542.     CrossRef
• Low-Temperature Sintering and Piezoelectric Properties of the PZN-PZT Ceramics with LiBiO2
  Nayoon Kwon, Yong Geun Choi, Young Jin Lee, Dong Hun Yeo, Hyo Soon Shin, Joon-Hyung Lee
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 501.     CrossRef

In this study, the dielectric and electrical properties of high-capacitance base metal electrode (BME) multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) fabricated using a BaTiO₃-MgO-Mn₃O₄-(Na₀.₅Bi₀.₅)TiO₃ (NBT)-(BaCa)SiO₃ dielectric system were investigated under reducing atmospheres with oxygen partial pressures (PO₂) ranging from 10⁻1⁰ to 10⁻12 MPa. By incorporating NBT, the dielectric performance remained stable across the entire range of reducing atmospheres. The fabricated MLCCs exhibited consistent capacitance values, low dielectric loss (<2.8%), and high insulation resistance, reaching up to 2.4 GΩ at 25℃ and 0.675 GΩ at 125℃. Furthermore, excellent breakdown voltage performance (up to 550 V at 25℃) and Class II-compatible temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) behavior were observed, meeting the X8R specification. The BaTiO₃-MgO-Mn₃O₄-NBT-(BaCa)SiO₃ dielectric system demonstrates that NBT can serve as a promising alternative to conventional rare-earth dopants in BME MLCCs, enabling excellent thermal and electrical stability, high capacitance, and longterm reliability even under reducing conditions. These results confirm the feasibility of developing cost-effective, sustainable, and rare-earth-free MLCCs for high-performance applications in automotive, industrial, and energy storage systems.

Citations

• Flexible piezoelectric cross-bar array sensors for upper-limb kinesthetic sensing via muscle dynamics
  Junki Lee, Jihun Choi, Hyunseung Kim, Min Gon Son, Dong Yeol Hyeon, Jung Hwan Park, Andris Šutka, Chang Kyu Jeong
  Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Enhanced dielectric performance in BaTiO3 ceramics by diffusion-controlled core-shell structuring with 2D Ca2Nb3O10 nanosheets
  Tae Yeong Song, Junwon Lee, Nayeon Kwon, Do-Kyun Kwon
  Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society.2026; 63(5): 1194.     CrossRef

This review examines the principles, limitations, and recent advancements in elastic modulus measurement using nanoindentation. The importance of accurate contact area prediction is discussed, along with the Oliver-Pharr method and its limitations. The Continuous Stiffness Measurement (CSM) technique is presented as a significant improvement, allowing continuous measurement of mechanical properties throughout the indentation process. For ultra-thin films, the Li and Vlassak method, which incorporates Yu's solution and the concept of effective thickness, is highlighted as a means to correct for substrate effects. Recent developments in artificial neural network-based models for elastic modulus prediction are also explored. These advancements have greatly expanded the applicability of nanoindentation in semiconductor and MEMS device reliability assessment.

Citations

• Material characterization and local mechanical study with nanoindentation on the stainless steel 316L part with embedded optical fiber sensor fabricated with electrical field-assisted sintering technique for severe environment application
  Wei Li, Minoo Tayefeh Kazemi, Afreeda Hossain, Hongbing Lu
  Materials Characterization.2026; 240: 116959.     CrossRef
• Microstructure-controlled nanoscale deformation and scratch-induced damage evolution in a spark plasma sintered TiVAlNbHfCr high-entropy alloy: Experimental characterization and physics-guided analysis
  Sheetal Kumar Dewangan, You Jin Lee, Byungmin Ahn
  Journal of Materials Research and Technology.2026; 45: 7027.     CrossRef

Micro light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) have been utilized in various fields such as displays, and smart devices, due to their superior stabilities. Since the applications of the μLEDs have been extended to medical devices and wearable sensors, excellent optical properties and uniformity of the μLEDs are important. Hence, several researchers have investigated to enhance the optical efficiency of the μLEDs through micro/nano lens. However, the reported methods for realizing the micro/nano lens have some drawbacks such as complex and high-cost manufacturing processes. Herein, we developed μLEDs with 3D-printed hydrogel microlenses. The printed hydrogel had high transparency and excellent adhesive strength, allowing it to attach onto top surface of the μLEDs without any additional adhesives. Microscale printing technology using a 3D printer achieved quick and fine printing in desired shapes and arrangements, showing the possibility of mass production. The 3D-printed microlens can be applied to improve not only the optical properties of μLEDs but also other optical devices.

Citations

• Controlling Structures and Properties of NaCl‐Containing Alginate/Polyacrylamide Tough Hydrogels via a One‐Pot Process
  Taeuk Eom, Hyunseung Kim, Jihun Choi, Soon Joo Yoon, Yoon Kyeung Lee, Kwi‐Il Park, Chang Kyu Jeong
  Chemistry – A European Journal.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A one-step constructed flexible dual-crosslinked network conductive Eutectogel for dual-modal pressure and humidity sensing
  Huihui Zhu, Yang Chen, Nan Jiang, Pengjia Qi, Lichao Liu
  Microchemical Journal.2026; 231: 119992.     CrossRef

(Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃(BNT) piezoelectric ceramics are one of the promising materials that can replace Pb(Zr, Ti)O₃(PZT) piezoelectric ceramics due to the high electromechanical strain properties. However, it is still difficult to use practical applications because the required electric field for inducing electromechanical strain is relatively higher than that of PZT ceramics. To overcome this problem, it has been intensively studied on doping impurity or modifying other ABO₃ for BNTbased piezoelectric ceramics. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of La₂O₃ doping on the phase transition behavior and electromechanical strain properties in BNT-SrTiO₃ (BNT-ST) lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. In the case of the temperaturedependent dielectric properties, it was confirmed that a phase transition from ferroelectrics to relaxors is induced with increasing La₂O₃ content. As a result, the electromechanical strain properties of BNT-ST ceramics were improved. The highest Smax/Emax value corresponding to 300 pm/V was obtained at 2 mol% La₂O₃-dopped BNT-ST ceramics. Accordingly, this study successfully demonstrated that La₂O₃ doping is effective on the inducing phase transition from ferroelectrics to relaxors and the improving electromechanical strain properties of BNT-ST lead-free piezoelectric ceramics.

Citations

• Recent Progress in Relaxor-State Design of BNT-Based Ceramics for High-Efficiency Energy-Storage Capacitors
  Yeseul Lim, Geon-Tae Hwang
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(3): 225.     CrossRef
• Structural Stability and Electromechanical Response of Lead-Free (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3‒SrTiO3 Ceramics Under A-Site Strontium Non-Stoichiometry
  Yubin Kang, Trang An Duong, Gwang-Hwi Jeong, Chang Won Ahn, Yong-Jai Kwon, Hyoung-Su Han
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 549.     CrossRef

The polymer crystallization process, promoting the formation of ferroelectric β-phase, is essential for developing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based high-performance piezoelectric energy harvesters. However, traditional high-temperature annealing is unsuitable for the manufacture of flexible piezoelectric devices due to the thermal damage to plastic components that occurs during the long processing times. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of introducing a flash lamp annealing that can rapidly induce the β-phase in the PVDF layer while avoiding device damage through selective heating. The flash lightirradiated PVDF films achieved a maximum β-phase content of 76.52% under an applied voltage of 300 V and an on-time of 1.5 ms, a higher fraction than that obtained through thermal annealing. The PVDF-based piezoelectric energy harvester with the optimized irradiation condition generates a stable output voltage of 0.23 V and a current of 102 nA under repeated bendings. These results demonstrate that flash lamp annealing can be an effective process for realizing the mass production of PVDF-based flexible electronics.

Citations

• In Situ Amidation‐Derived Interfacial Modulation for Homogeneous Ultra‐High Nanoparticle Loading Toward Robust and Flexible Piezoelectric Composites
  HakSu Jang, In Beom Heo, Changyeon Baek, Dong Won Jeon, Donghun Lee, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Hyejeong Choi, HyoMin Jeon, SungHoon Kim, Hyunseung Kim, Jihun Choi, Hyun‐Soo Chang, Chang Kyu Jeong, Min‐Ku Lee, Jun Mo Koo, Tiandong Zhang, Geon‐Tae Hwang, S
  Advanced Functional Materials.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Ultrahigh Piezoelectric Coefficients Achieved by Tailoring the Sequence and Nano‐Domain Structure of P(VDF‐TrFE)
  Ba Qin, Guo‐Tong Ding, Xiao‐Yu Yang, Wen‐Xuan Li, Yi‐Jin He, An‐Yi Ren, Wan‐Li Xing, Shao‐Bo Tan, Xiao‐Yong Wei, Zhi‐Cheng Zhang
  Advanced Materials.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

The energy demand in the world is expected to exceed 740 million TJ by 2040 and our dependence on fossil fuels needs to be switched to sustainable and renewable energy sources like solar energy. Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) is one of the best approaches to extracting solar energy. There are more than 200 BIPV products in the market currently but when it comes to integrating these products into the technical aspects such as buildings’ structural integrity, thermal, daylight retainment and aesthetic prospects to be considered. The share of BIPV integration potential of different building types in the world of residential, agricultural, industrial, commercial and other buildings account for 66%, 4.8%, 8.1%, 19.9%, and 1.2% accordingly. Many solar technologies developed to achieve architectural requirements, but the main problem is the trade-off between efficiency and aesthetic appeal, which is less than 10% in coloured and transparent solar modules. This paper discusses the different applications of solar photovoltaics (PV) in building architecture, technical requirements, and different module technologies. The article provides a comprehensive guide for researchers and designers working on the development of BIPV integrations.

Citations

• A Review on Energy Yield Enhancement Characteristics of Bifacial Photovoltaic Systems Combined with Solar Tracking
  Hyeong Gi Park
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(4): 309.     CrossRef
• Powering sustainable skies: a review and roadmap to future green building architecture with advanced photovoltaic products
  Mohammad Khairul Basher, M. Khalid Hossain, Samiul Sadek, Mohammad Aminul Islam, Md. Rokonuzzaman, Norsuzlin Mohd Sahar, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Mohammad Nur-E-Alam
  International Journal of Sustainable Energy.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Laser-induced plasmonic sintering of metal nanoparticles (NPs) holds significant promise as a technology for producing flexible conducting electrodes. This method offers immediate, straightforward, and scalable manufacturing approaches, eliminating the need for expensive facilities and intricate processes. Nevertheless, the metal NPs come at a high cost due to the intricate synthesis procedures required to ensure long-term reliability in terms of chemical stability and the prevention of NP aggregation. Herein, we induced the self-generation of metal nanoparticles from Ag organometallic ink, and fabricated highly conductive electrodes on flexible substrates through laser-assisted plasmonic annealing. To demonstrate the practicality of the fabricated flexible electrode, it was configured in a mesh pattern, realizing multi-touchable flexible touch screen panel.

Citations

• Controlling Structures and Properties of NaCl‐Containing Alginate/Polyacrylamide Tough Hydrogels via a One‐Pot Process
  Taeuk Eom, Hyunseung Kim, Jihun Choi, Soon Joo Yoon, Yoon Kyeung Lee, Kwi‐Il Park, Chang Kyu Jeong
  Chemistry – A European Journal.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Wearable sweat glucose monitoring patches enabled by double network hydrogel-MoS2/PEDOT: PSS nanocomposite
  Suraj Shinde, Omkar A. Patil, Sang Yoon Park, Se Jin Choi, Omkar Pawar, Daniel J. Joe, Sooman Lim, Han Eol Lee
  Microchemical Journal.2025; 215: 114309.     CrossRef

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) suffer from efficiency limitations due to interfacial charge recombination at the TiO₂/dye/electrolyte interface. In this study, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APS) was introduced onto nanoporous TiO₂ photoelectrodes via a dip-coating process with controlled coating times to investigate the effect of silanization time on interfacial charge transport behavior. Unlike concentration-driven structural modification, this work focuses on the evolution of the APS-modified interface governed by reaction time. The DSSC with 30 min APS treatment exhibited the highest power conversion efficiency of 5.34%, representing a 19% enhancement compared to the untreated device (4.49%), mainly due to increased short-circuit current density and open-circuit voltage. However, prolonged coating times (2 h and 24 h) resulted in a significant decrease in photocurrent density, leading to reduced device performance despite partial improvement in recombination resistance. These results are attributed to the time-dependent evolution of the APS interfacial layer. At moderate coating time, APS provides effective surface functionalization, enhancing dye adsorption and suppressing interfacial recombination. In contrast, prolonged coating is expected to induce increased surface coverage and silane condensation, which can hinder electron injection and increase charge transport resistance. Therefore, the photovoltaic performance is governed by a trade-off between recombination suppression and charge injection efficiency, controlled by the silanization time. This study highlights the critical role of interfacial reaction kinetics in determining charge transport behavior and provides an effective strategy for optimizing DSSC performance through time-dependent interface engineering.

Citations

• Enhanced charge transport characteristics of hydrothermally grown rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays for dye-sensitized solar cells
  Kyu Seop Choi, Hyung Jin Kim, Byungyou Hong
  Surfaces and Interfaces.2026; 98: 110402.     CrossRef

Dye adsorption is one of the most time-consuming processes in the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), typically requiring approximately 24 h at room temperature. In this study, the effect of adsorption temperature and time on photovoltaic performance of DSSCs was investigated in order to reduce processing time and improve device productivity. Nanoporous TiO₂ photoelectrodes were immersed in N719 dye solution at 60°C for 3 h, 10 h, 17 h, and 24 h, and their performance was compared with that of cells sensitized at room temperature for 24 h. Photovoltaic characterization under AM 1.5 illumination showed that DSSCs sensitized at 60°C exhibited improved performance compared to those sensitized at room temperature. The device sensitized at 60°C for 3 h showed comparable or higher conversion efficiency than the reference cell sensitized for 24 h at room temperature. The improvement in device performance is attributed to enhanced dye adsorption kinetics resulting from increased reaction rate between the carboxyl groups of N719 dye molecules and hydroxyl groups on the TiO₂ surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis revealed reduced recombination resistance at the TiO₂/dye/electrolyte interface for cells sensitized at elevated temperature. UV–Vis absorption analysis confirmed increased dye loading on the TiO₂ surface for the 60°C condition. These results demonstrate that elevated temperature dye adsorption significantly reduces processing time while maintaining photovoltaic performance, providing an effective strategy for improving manufacturing efficiency of DSSCs.

Citations

• Enhanced charge transport characteristics of hydrothermally grown rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays for dye-sensitized solar cells
  Kyu Seop Choi, Hyung Jin Kim, Byungyou Hong
  Surfaces and Interfaces.2026; 98: 110402.     CrossRef

Polymer nanocomposites incorporating inorganic nanofillers have emerged as highly promising electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials, combining mechanical compliance with robust conductive percolation networks. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are particularly attractive as conductive fillers because their high aspect ratio facilitates percolation at low loadings. Also, CNTs offer superior mechanical durability under deformation compared to rigid, fracture-prone metal nanowires. For EMI shielding, high electrical conductivity is critical as it enhances both reflection and absorption through efficient charge dissipation and conduction losses. However, achieving highly aligned conductive pathways without degrading the intrinsic electrical properties of CNTs remains a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrate a non-destructive magnetic surface-functionalization and alignment strategy. Using a polydopamine (PDA)-mediated route, pristine multiwalled CNTs are uniformly decorated with Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (FMWCNTs). This enables highly effective magnetic field-driven alignment at fields as low as 10 mT, promoting the strategic formation of percolation networks. By optimizing the Fe₃O₄/MWCNT ratio for high saturation magnetization and uniform coverage, the aligned FMWCNTs exhibit significant electrical anisotropy, delivering a 10.7-fold higher electrical conductivity in the parallel configuration compared to the vertical configuration. These findings present a scalable, room-temperature platform for engineering directionally enhanced conductivity in polymer nanocomposites, with broad applicability in advanced EMI shielding, flexible electronics, and advanced packaging technologies.

Citations

• Interfacial Engineering of Composite Piezoelectric Fibers Via an Anchor-Chain Architecture
  Jun Liu, Qiao Zhou, Pengcheng Zhang, Shuying Hu, Fang Zhou, Shuangshuang Ren, Ting Guo, Leiying Miao
  ACS Applied Engineering Materials.2026; 4(8): 4367.     CrossRef

Long lifetime, low power consumption, and environmental friendliness have enabled light-emitting diode (LED) lighting to rapidly replace conventional light sources such as incandescent and fluorescent lamps. In particular, AC-LED lighting systems can be directly powered by commercial alternating current (AC) sources; however, they suffer from significant luminance deviation caused by uneven current distribution among LED light-emitting modules. This paper proposes a lighting control method that improves flicker performance while maintaining lamp brightness and effectively reduces luminance deviation in AC-LED lighting. The proposed method reduces luminance deviation by controlling the lighting order of multiple LED light-emitting modules. Among four LED modules, only the required number of modules is continuously turned on, and the lighting priority alternates between rectification cycles. Specifically, during odd rectification cycles, LED modules are activated sequentially in ascending order (11→12→13→14), whereas during even rectification cycles, they are activated in descending order (14→13→12→11). By alternately applying continuous lighting control with opposite activation orders, the proposed reverse alternating lighting control method equalizes the current distribution among LED modules. As a result, luminance uniformity is improved, electrical stress concentration on specific modules is reduced, and the operational lifetime of the LED modules is extended compared with the conventional fixed-sequence lighting control method.

Citations

• Reduction of Luminance Deviation in Multi-Module AC-LED Lighting Systems Using a Circular Sequential Lighting Control Method
  Dong Won Lee, Byungcheul Kim
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(3): 267.     CrossRef

This study investigates the effect of dielectric layer thickness on the electrical and reliability characteristics of BaTiO₃- based X8R multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) for automotive applications. MLCCs with 30 dielectric layers and thicknesses ranging from 5 to 30 μm were fabricated, and key parameters―including capacitance, equivalent series resistance (ESR), insulation resistance (IR), breakdown voltage (BDV), DC-bias characteristics, temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC), and ripple current-induced heating―were evaluated. The dielectric constant (~2,000) and sintering shrinkage (~-25%) were nearly independent of thickness, confirming stable microstructure formation. ESR increased with thickness, while normalized BDV (V/μm) decreased due to defect accumulation. IR improved with increasing thickness but dropped sharply above 125℃. Dielectrics thinner than 10 μm exhibited significant capacitance degradation under DC-bias and temperature variation, reflecting strong internal field effects. Ripple-induced heating correlated directly with ESR. These results indicate that, although thinner layers enhance capacitance density, reducing the thickness below 10 μm compromises bias stability and thermal reliability. A minimum dielectric thickness of 10 μm is therefore recommended to achieve an optimal balance between electrical performance and durability in high-reliability X8R MLCCs.

Citations

• Structural Analysis of Electric Field-Induced Polarization and Strain in Ferroelectric BaTiO₃
  Jae Hwan Park
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(4): 374.     CrossRef

Neuromorphic computing, which mimics the energy-efficient parallel processing capabilities of the human brain, has emerged as an alternative to traditional von Neumann architectures that struggle with high power consumption in the era of artificial intelligence (AI). Despite the potential of Si-based neuromorphic chips, they often face fundamental limitations in integration density and biological compatibility, necessitating the development of next-generation devices that can better emulate the ionic signaling of biological systems. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the recent research trends in artificial synapses and neurons based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), highlighting their unique ability to achieve high transconductance and mixed ionic-electronic conduction at ultra-low operating voltages. We discuss how OECTs successfully replicate diverse synaptic plasticities and complex neuronal spiking behaviors through advanced material engineering and structural optimizations such as vertical architectures. Furthermore, this review discusses the implementation of high-order neural functions, including associative learning and logic operations, which are facilitated by the inherent electrochemical dynamics of organic semiconductors. Finally, overcoming current challenges in reliability and scalability will establish OECTs as a pivotal platform for low-power neuromorphic hardware and bio-integrated electronics.

Citations

• Analysis of Yield and Electrical Characteristics of Ag Electrode-Based Volatile Threshold Switching Memristors with Al2O3 Dielectric Films Under Different ALD Process Conditions
  Wan-Sik Woo, Seung-Jin Lee, Moon-Seok Kim, Seung-Bae Jeon
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 493.     CrossRef

The safety and stability concerns of liquid electrolytes in conventional lithium-ion batteries have accelerated the development of solid-state alternatives. NASICON type ceramics Li_1.5Al_0.5Ti_1.5(PO₄)₃ (LATP) offer promising properties, including high bulk ionic conductivity and good compatibility with lithium anodes. However, their practical application is hindered by grain boundary resistance and relatively low total ionic conductivity. This study investigates the effect of Ta₂O₅ doping on LATP to overcome these limitations. Doping with 5 wt% Ta₂O₅ improved the ionic conductivity to 2.95 × 10-4 S/cm by enhancing lattice structure, reducing grain boundary resistance, and suppressing the formation of secondary phase. Additionally, Ta₂O₅ positively influenced the sintering behavior, resulting in a denser, and more uniform microstructure. These enhancements suggest that Ta₂O₅-doped LATP is a strong candidate for next-generation all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.

Citations

• Manufacturing Process Optimization of Oxide-Based Multilayer Ceramic Batteries Using Multilayer Ceramic Processing Technologies
  Won-Su Lee, Jong Kyu Lee, Jung Rag Yoon
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 519.     CrossRef

The growing demand for thinner, lighter, and more energy-efficient electronic systems has driven the development of acoustic technologies toward compact and flexible sound generation platforms. Despite significant progress, conventional electromagnetic speakers remain limited by bulky structures, energy losses, and poor compatibility with modern ultrathin devices. In this review, recent advancements in piezoelectric acoustic systems are presented, demonstrating a new generation of speakers capable of producing high-fidelity sound from ultra-slim, lightweight, and mechanically compliant designs. Through refined structural configurations and efficient electromechanical coupling, these piezoelectric exciters achieve strong acoustic output, fast response, and wide frequency operation while drastically reducing component thickness. These exciters also show their suitability for seamless integration into flexible displays, wearable devices, and automotive panels, offering enhanced spatial audio practicality and multifunctional operation, including demonstrative output and sensing. This advancement marks a step toward the convergence of acoustic, haptic, and interactive technologies, for the realization of sustainable and immersive humanmachine interfaces in future electronic and automotive systems.

Citations

• Flexible piezoelectric cross-bar array sensors for upper-limb kinesthetic sensing via muscle dynamics
  Junki Lee, Jihun Choi, Hyunseung Kim, Min Gon Son, Dong Yeol Hyeon, Jung Hwan Park, Andris Šutka, Chang Kyu Jeong
  Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Nozzle-printing dispensers, which utilize air pulsation as a dispensing principle, operate by transmitting air pressure to the liquid to push a constant amount of liquid. Nozzle printers have the advantage of precisely controlling energy based on liquid properties, such as viscosity and surface tension, enabling the precise application of liquid at specific locations and quantities. This study introduces a printing process sequence using a nozzle printer equipped with a high-resolution vision alignment system. It compares printing patterns according to key process variables (jet pressure, tip height, and travel speed) that affect coating quality. Experimental results showed that a coating standard deviation of 2.14 μm was achieved at a moving speed of 20 mm/s and a nozzle height of 0.2 mm, resulting in the most stable and uniform coating quality. Through these experiments, optimal conditions were identified based on factors such as coating width, uniformity, and presence of discontinuity, and the effects of these conditions on the precision manufacturing process are discussed.

Citations

• Flexible piezoelectric cross-bar array sensors for upper-limb kinesthetic sensing via muscle dynamics
  Junki Lee, Jihun Choi, Hyunseung Kim, Min Gon Son, Dong Yeol Hyeon, Jung Hwan Park, Andris Šutka, Chang Kyu Jeong
  Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

κ-phase Ga₂O₃ is a wide-bandgap semiconductor that has attracted attention for power and optoelectronic device applications. However, its crystal quality and optical properties are highly dependent on the growth temperature, which motivates the need for a systematic study. In this work, κ-Ga₂O₃ thin films were grown on AlN/sapphire templates using mist-CVD at different temperatures. At lower temperatures (400℃), films exhibited incomplete crystallization and partial opacity, whereas higher growth temperatures (500-700℃) produced transparent films with improved properties. The bandgap was found to increase with temperature, consistent with reported values for 600-700℃, and XRD/XRC analysis confirmed that crystal quality improved with higher growth temperature. AFM analysis further revealed reductions in surface roughness and grain size variation at elevated temperatures. These findings indicate that an optimal growth window of 600-700℃ enables high-quality κ-Ga₂O₃ films, with potential implications for integrating this material on other hexagonal substrates such as SiC and GaN.

Citations

• Growth of Beta-Phase Gallium Oxide Thin Films on Off-Axis Sapphire Substrates by Mist Chemical Vapor Deposition
  Jae-Hyeok Lim, Tae-Yong Park, Yun-Ji Shin, Seong-Min Jeong, Chang-Mo Kang, Si-Young Bae
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(3): 302.     CrossRef

Thermal batteries are designed to activate at high temperatures (~500℃), therefore, the electrodes used in these systems are typically made into pellet form using compression molding techniques that do not involve polymer binders. However, the compression molding technique poses limitations in scaling up the electrode area without increasing thickness for high-power properties. Additionally, the tape casting method has been studied as a way to solve with, but too low a loading level is still an obstacle to practical use. This study fabricated a film cathode of high loading level (35.79 mAh·cm^-2) using the tape casting method for these problem. As utilized fabricated cathode, it investigated the influence of electrode thickness and density on electrochemical performance. Furthermore, a film cathode with a larger area but the same amount of active material as the pellet was fabricated, enabling the design of high-power cells with the same energy density. We expect that the fabricated film cathode with a high loading level and scalable area will enable the development of various thermal battery designs.

Citations

• Manufacturing Process Optimization of Oxide-Based Multilayer Ceramic Batteries Using Multilayer Ceramic Processing Technologies
  Won-Su Lee, Jong Kyu Lee, Jung Rag Yoon
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 519.     CrossRef

Silicon carbon nitride (SiCN) thin films are promising materials for copper diffusion barriers and hybrid bonding in semiconductor processes. Oxidation-resistant films are increasingly critical for realizing high-reliability devices, highlighting the need for process control and property evaluation. In this study, we analyzed the thin film properties as a function of tetramethylsilane (4MS) gas partial pressure ratio (PPR), deposition temperature, and dual-power plasma conditions in a PECVD-based SiCN deposition process. Based on the results, we experimentally demonstrated that the refractive index can be a valid indicator for oxidation resistance evaluation. The application of dual-power plasma conditions was instrumental in enhancing oxidation resistance. Under these conditions, the refractive index reached approximately 1.90 even at 200℃, comparable to values observed in films deposited at 350℃. These findings provide a basis for predicting oxidation resistance and optimizing low-temperature conditions, with applications in next-generation semiconductor and packaging technologies requiring high reliability.

Citations

• Research on PECVD-deposited SiCN capping layers for improving reliability in high-k/metal stack structures
  Hye-Ri Hong, Woon-San Ko, So-Yeong Park, Seong-Jo Jo, Myeong-Ho Song, Ga-Won Lee
  Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing.2026; 214: 110905.     CrossRef

Rietveld refinement has become an essential tool for the quantitative analysis of crystal structures in polycrystalline systems using X-ray diffraction data. This tutorial paper focuses on the background, case studies, and practical implementation of Rietveld refinement using the open-source software PROFEX. Key structural parameters, such as lattice constants and phase fractions, can be quantitatively extracted through full-pattern fitting. Case studies involving compositional variation, electric fields, temperature changes, and battery cycling demonstrate the broad applicability of Rietveld refinement in materials science, energy storage, and catalysis. A step-by-step procedure for performing Rietveld refinement is presented using Bi_1/2Na_1/2TiO₃ perovskite ceramic as an example, providing guidance on software installation, preparing crystal structure information files, performing Rietveld refinement, evaluating results using R-factor and χ² values, and summarizing the results. This tutorial aims to improve understanding and accessibility of Rietveld refinement for researchers seeking to investigate structure-property relationships in complex material systems.

Citations

• Bandgap tuning in anion-mixed perovskite oxysulfide BaZrO3-xSx
  Munir Ahmad, Seongboo Park, Hwan Min Kim, Muhammad Sheeraz, Chang Won Ahn, Ill Won Kim, Soobeom Shin, Hu Young Jeong, Furqanul Hassan Naqvi, Jae-Hyeon Ko, Jieun Kim, Young-Han Shin, Tae Heon Kim
  Current Applied Physics.2026; 89: 100.     CrossRef