Recently, as power and electronic devices have increased in frequency and capacity, it has become a major concern to protect electronic circuits and electronic components used in these devices from abnormal voltages such as various surges and pulse noise. To respond to variously rated voltages applied to power electronic devices, the rated voltages of various varistors can be obtained by controlling the size of internal particles of the varistor or controlling the number of layers of the varistor. During bonding, the problem of unbalanced thermal runaway occurring between the electrode and the varistor interface causes degradation of the varistor and shortens its life of the varistor. In this study, to solve the problem of unbalanced heat distribution of stacked varistors to adjust the operating voltage, the contents of the ZnO-based varistor composition were 96 wt% ZnO, 1 mol% Sb₂O₃, 1 mol% Bi₂O₃, 0.5 mol% CoO, 0.5 mol% MnO, and 1 mol% TiO₂. A multi-layered ZnO varistor was modeled by bonding a single varistor with a composition in three layers according to the operating voltage. The thermal distribution of the triple-layered ZnO varistor was analyzed for the thermal runaway phenomenon that occurred during varistor operation using the finite element method according to Comsol 5.2.

Since the ZnO varistor is a semiconductor device, the internal thermal distribution during the varistor operation is recognized as an important factor in the performance and deterioration of the varistor. For an optimal varistor structure design, the thermal runaway phenomenon during the varistor operation was interpreted using the Comsol 5.2 analysis program by a finite element analysis. The maximum temperature of the center measured in the cross section of the ZnO varistor was confirmed to increase as the temperature moved from the lower electrode to the center towards the upper electrode up to 572.6 K. The electrodes are thinned so that the influence of the Schottky barrier is not great. The heat gradient balance is determined to be improved when the electrode of the hybrid form is introduced. The thickness, density, pore distribution, impurity uniformity, and particle size of the ZnO varistor are required, and it is determined that the pyrolysis gradient will be improved regardless of the electrode thickness. When these results are applied to design the ZnO varistor, the optimal structure of the ZnO varistor can be obtained.

The 22.9 kV vacuum interrupter (VI) built-in load bus switcher (LBS), which is most often used as a load switch for distribution, extinguishes the arc that occurs during normal load opening and closing and fault current interruption within the VI housing to quickly switch circuits. As a protective device for contact separation, the rated current is supplied in a normal state. When a fault current flows due to a fault or an accident in the power system, the contact is disconnected in a vacuum state to block the fault current. In this study, in order to design the optimal VI, the heat dissipation characteristics of VI according to the center electrode distance 0/1/2/3 cm were analyzed by applying the finite element method, and the results were reflected to improve the structure of the VI.

Atmospheric environmental problems have a major impact on human health and lifestyle. In humans, inhalation of nitrogen oxides causes respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis. In this paper, thermal analysis of a gas sensor was carried out to design and fabricate a wearable nylon-yarn gas sensor for the detection of NO_x gas. In the thermal analysis method, the thermal diffusion process was analyzed while operating the sensors at 40 and 60℃ to secure a temperature range that does not cause thermal runaway due to temperature in the operating environment. Thermal diffusion analysis was performed using the COMSOL software. The thermal analysis results could be useful for analyzing gas adsorption and desorption, as well as the design of gas sensors. The thermal energy diffusion rate increased slightly from 10.05 to 10.1 K/mm as the sensor temperature increased from 40 to 60℃. It was concluded that the sensor could be operated in this temperature range without thermal breakdown.

In this study, a femtosecond laser pre-annealing technology based on indium zinc oxide (IZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) was investigated. We demonstrated a stable pre-annealing process to analyze the change in the surface structures of thin-films, and we improved the electrical performance. Furthermore, static and dynamic electrical characteristics of IZO TFTs with n-channel inverters were observed. To investigate the static and dynamic responses of our solution-processed IZO TFTs, simple resistor-load-type inverters were fabricated by connecting a 1-MΩ resistor. The femtosecond laser pre-annealing process based on IZO TFTs showed good performance: a field-effect mobility of 3.75 cm₂/Vs, an I_on/I_off ratio of 1.8×10⁵, a threshold voltage of 1.13 V, and a subthreshold swing of 1.21 V/dec. Our IZO-TFT-based N-MOS inverter performed well at operating voltage, and therefore, is a good candidate for advanced logic circuits and display backplane.

This paper presents the design and fabrication of a high power piezoelectric ultrasonic surgery unit for multi-purpose dental implantation. A conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic surgery units consists of a transducer and a tip. However, the drawback of this simple structure is that the output performance of the transducer considerably changes with the change of the tips. An ultrasonic surgery unit that has an additional booster between the transducer and the tip can solve this problem to some extent; for this, an optimal structural design for the transducer is required. We used the Bolted Langevin Transducer (BLT) as the basic transducer; it consists of piezoelectric ceramics and a metal body. It`s structure was optimized using mathematical methods to determine the length and radius of the tail and head masses. Additionally, the booster was also subjected to the same methods. Using these mathematical methods, optimal results in terms of the resonance frequency (24.96 kHz), displacement (14.27 ㎛), and pressure (2.8 MPa), could be obtained. The validity of this proposed surgery unit was confirmed experimentally, exhibiting a cutting force of around 7% higher than that of a conventional surgery unit.

Recently, energy harvesting technology is increasing due to the fossil fuel shortages. To compensate problem of low generating power than other energy harvesters, many researchers have studied about piezoelectric harvester for obtaining high output. In this paper, four kinds of unimorph based piezoelectric harvesters were proposed and its generating characteristics were studied. Each of the piezoelectric harvesters has three, four, and six unimorph arms, respectively, and the arms are symmetrically arranged from one central point. The centrosymmetric structure of the harvesters guarantees more stable and multiplied generation than a cantilever-type harvester since the arms of the harvester resonate at same frequency. Resonance frequency, output voltage, displacement, and stress characteristics of the generator were analyzed by using a FEM (finite element method) program. Harvesters were fabricated on the basis of analysis results. Experimental results were compared with simulated results.

We present the results of a study of a piezoelectric generator that generates electricity by the application of tension to an element. A device is named “EYE-type generator”. The EYE-type generator consists of a rectangular ceramic and two elastic body plates that are attached to upper and lower surfaces of a ceramic. If tension is applied to both ends of the elastic body, that tension is transformed to pressure on the ceramic through a change in the form of the elastic body, causing a piezoelectric effect whereby electricity is generated by the ceramic. This generator is relatively durable because a forces are not applied directly to the ceramic. We examined dependencies of the generator’s output characteristics on the size of the ceramic and elastic body. A resonance and output characteristics were analyzed by using a finite element method. The generator was fabricated based on results of the analysis, and this was attached to a frequency-controllable vibrator to measure the output characteristics. The measured results were compared with results of the simulation, and the results pointed to the practicality of the design.

This paper describes the development of a piezoelectric level switch, which aims to effectively monitor the level status in high ambient temperatures. In order to adjust the impedance near the resonant frequency and temperature characteristics, the effect of the case and backing layer materials on its performance was analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). The suggested prototype new level switch has three heat-sink plates attached to SUS bar of 230 mm long, and case of PEEK which contains PZT sensing part. To illustrate the validity of this level switch, 10 samples are prepared and investigated the sensing performance through the high and low temperature ambient.

In this paper, in order to avoid equipment malfunction due to electromagnetic waves, which can occur when high-voltage live line diagnostic device fabrication, the enclosure structure of the diagnostic device with power lines that can minimize the EMI (electromagnetic interference) was modeled using the FEM (finite element method). Simulation examined the strength of the electric field in the required thickness, material and regions where there is a control board while changing the curvature radius of the corner making the enclosure, and By applying a mechanical design and simulation results that occur during the actual production has been designed for the final design. Most of the simulation results for the electric field is concentrated in the final model, the inner edge of the enclosure could be confirmed that the stable structure.

Generating output characteristics of a EYE-type piezoelectric generator depending on ceramic size and materials of the elastic body were studied. EYE-type piezoelectric-generating device consist of the ceramic was attached between the both elastic body. piezoelectric-generating is that if the tension occurred at both ends of an elastic body, the piezoelectric effect occurs at ceramics through the form change of the elastic body. The structure of this EYE-type generator use various area. than a existing type generator, because the ceramic position of the directly force at does not apply. Resonance and output characteristics of the generator were analyzed by using FEM program. Generators were fabricated on the basis of analyzed results and attached on a frequency controllable vibrator to measure output characteristics. Also, the experimental results were compared with the simulated results. As a result, output characteristics of the generator increased depending on the increase in ceramic thickness. In case of increase in ceramic width, resonance frequency of the generator also decreased.

A cantilever-type piezoelectric generator has advantages of simple structure, ease of fabrication and large displacement by transverse vibration of a beam. It is easy to control the natural frequency, and also possible to increase the output power by changing the length, width, and thickness of the generator. In particular, the length increases, the natural frequency sharply decreases, and vice versa. Hence, the natural frequency can widely be controlled by using change in the length of elastic body. In this paper, the generator was designed and fabricated to change natural frequency using the slides of the case. In addition, the generating characteristics were confirmed through finite element analyses and vibration experiment. As a result, the maximum output characteristics could be generated due to resonance phenomenon although any frequency of external force was applied.

We were analyzed the piezoelectric characteristic for electronics printing to inkjet printing system. These applications were possible use to Actuator, MEMS, FPCB, RFID, Solar cell and LCD color filter etc. Piezoelectric print head is firing from ink droplet control consideration ink viscosity properties. At this time, micro pattern for PCB metal printing was possible by droplet control of piezoelectric driving. These driving characteristics are variable voltage pulse waveform. We are used the piezoelectric analysis software of Finite Element Method (FEM), Piezoelectric design parameters are acquired from piezoelectric analysis, and measurement of piezoelectric. It designed for piezoelectric head to possible electric print pattern of inkjet printing system. For this validity we were established through in comparison with simulation and measurement. Designed piezoelectric specification obtained voltage 98V, firing frequency 10 kHz, resolution 360dpi, drop volume 20pl, nozzle number 256, and nozzle pitch 0.33 mm.

On this paper, a circular unimorph-type piezoelectric transducer was proposed and studied. The transducer was fabricated by attaching a circular-shaped PZT ceramic to a circular plate of brass and output characteristics of the fabricated transducer were then analyzed and measured by changing driving points where the mechanical vibrations were applied. Two conditions depending on the location of vibration were respectively defined as a center forced model and an edge forced model. The resonance frequency and output voltage of the models were simulated by using ANSYS, a FEM(finite element method) program. Based on the results of the analyses, the vibration experiment was conducted and the output characteristics then measured through measurement equipment. As a result, the maximum output characteristics of two models were respectively generated at each resonance frequency and the resonance frequency of the center forced model was lower than the edge forced model.

Single-phase Sr2FeMoO6 thin films were produced by RF magnetron sputtering for use as electrodes in integrated sensors and found to be good conductors at room temperature. The films were deposited from a powder-type sputtering target under various conditions, and were crystallized by annealing. Elimination of O2 gas during deposition, by the use of a solely Ar sputtering gas under a working pressure as low as possible, and vacuum annealing were important to promote the Sr2FeMoO6 phase. However, oxygen exclusion from sputtering and annealing was not enough to yield single-phase Sr2FeMoO6: hydrogen annealing was also required. Film production was optimized by varying the deposition parameters and hydrogen annealing conditions. The film had good electrical conduction, with a low resistivity of 1.6×10(-2)Ω·cm at room temperature.