Dye adsorption is one of the most time-consuming processes in the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), typically requiring approximately 24 h at room temperature. In this study, the effect of adsorption temperature and time on photovoltaic performance of DSSCs was investigated in order to reduce processing time and improve device productivity. Nanoporous TiO₂ photoelectrodes were immersed in N719 dye solution at 60°C for 3 h, 10 h, 17 h, and 24 h, and their performance was compared with that of cells sensitized at room temperature for 24 h. Photovoltaic characterization under AM 1.5 illumination showed that DSSCs sensitized at 60°C exhibited improved performance compared to those sensitized at room temperature. The device sensitized at 60°C for 3 h showed comparable or higher conversion efficiency than the reference cell sensitized for 24 h at room temperature. The improvement in device performance is attributed to enhanced dye adsorption kinetics resulting from increased reaction rate between the carboxyl groups of N719 dye molecules and hydroxyl groups on the TiO₂ surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis revealed reduced recombination resistance at the TiO₂/dye/electrolyte interface for cells sensitized at elevated temperature. UV–Vis absorption analysis confirmed increased dye loading on the TiO₂ surface for the 60°C condition. These results demonstrate that elevated temperature dye adsorption significantly reduces processing time while maintaining photovoltaic performance, providing an effective strategy for improving manufacturing efficiency of DSSCs.

By introducing curing kinetics and chemo-rheology for the epoxy resin formulation for ultra-high voltage gas insulated switchgear (GIS) Insulating Spacers, a study was conducted to simulate the curing behavior, flow and warpage analysis for optimization of the molding process in automatic pressure gelation. The curing rate equation and chemo-rheology equation were set as fixed values for various factors and other physical property values, and the APG molding process conditions were entered into the Moldflow software to perform optimization numerical simulations of the three-phase insulating spacer. Changes in curing shrinkage according to pack pressure were observed under the optimized process conditions. As a result, it was confirmed that the residence time in the solid state was shortened due to the lowest curing reaction when the curing holding pressure was 3 bar, and the occurrence of deformation due to internal residual stress was minimized.

Threshold voltage shift has been observed from many thin-film transistors (TFTs) and the time evolution of the shift can be modeled as the stretched-exponential and -hyperbola function. These analytic models are derived from the kinetic equation for defect-creation or charge-trapping and the equation consists of only reversible reactions. In reality TFT``s a shift is permanent due to an irreversible reaction and, as a result, it is reasonable to consider that both reversible and irreversible reactions exist in a TFT. In this paper the case when both reactions exist in parallel and make a combined threshold voltage shift is modeled and simulated. The results show that a combined threshold voltage shift observed from a TFT may agrees with the analytic models and, thus, the analytic models don``t guarantee whether the cause of the shift is defection-creation or charge-trapping.

This study examined the size and shape of the nano-silver particle through the analysis of electrical resistance when synthesizing nano-sized silver by using the chemical liquid reduction. Changes in particle behaviors formed according to the changes in electronic characteristics by electric resistance in each time period in the beginning of reduction reaction in a course of synthesizing the nano-silver particle formation were studied. In addition, analysis was conducted on particle behaviors according to the changes in concentration of AgNO3 and in temperature at the time of reduction and nucleation and growth course when synthesizing the particles based on the particle behaviors were also examined. As the concentration of AgNO3 increased, the same amount of resistance of approximately 5 Ω was increased in terms of initial electronic resistance. Furthermore, according to the result of formation of nuclear growth graph and estimation of slope based on estimated resistance, slops of 6.25×10-3, 2.89×10-3, and 1.85×10-3 were derived from the concentrations of 0.01 M, 0.05 M, and 0.1 M, respectively. As the concentration of AgNO3 increased, the more it was dominantly influenced by the nuclear growth areas in the initial phase of reduction leading to increase the size and cohesion of particles. At the time of reduction of nano-silver particle, the increases of initial resistance were 4 Ω, 4.2 Ω, 5 Ω, and 5.3 Ω, respectively as the temperature increased. As the temperature was increased into 23℃, 40℃, 60℃, and 80℃, slopes were formed as 4.54×10-3, 4.65×10-3, 5.13×10-3, and 5.42×10-3 respectively. As the temperature increased, the particles became minute due to the increase of nuclear growth area in the particle in initial period of reduction.

The adsorption kinetic study of ruthenium complex, N3, onto nanoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2) photoanodes has been carried out by measuring dye uptake in-situ. Three simplified kinetic models including a pseudo first-order equation, pseudo second-order equation and intraparticle diffusion equation were chosen to follow the adsorption process. Kinetic parameters, rate constant, equilibrium adsorption capacities and related coefficient coefficients for each kinetic model were calculated and discussed. It was shown that the adsorption kinetics of N3 dye molecules onto porous TiO2 obeys pseudo second-order kinetics with chemisorption being the rate determining step. Additionally the heterogeneous surface and the pore size distribution of porous TiO2 adsorbents were also discussed.