Abstract In this study, to develop composition ceramics for energy harvesting devices, Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O₃-Pb(Zr Ti)O₃ system ceramics substituted with Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)O₃ were manufactured by conventional mixed oxide method using Li₂CO₃ and Na₂CO₃ (LNCO) as sintering aids. Their microstructure and piezoelectric properties were also investigated. At the specimen sintered at 930℃, high values of piezoelectric properties appeared: the dielectric constant (εr) of 2,522 planar electromechanical coupling factor kp of 0.602, and k31 of 0.385, d31 = 229 [pC/N], g31 = 10.13 [mV.m/N], Qm of 70, respectively. These values were suitable for the application of devices such as energy harvesting devices and ultrasonic devices.
Ultrasonic sensor is suitable as a next-generation autonomous driving assist device because its lower price compared to that of other sensors and its sensing stability in the external environment. Although Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 (PZT)-relaxor ferroelectric system has excellent piezoelectric properties, the change in capacitance is large in the daily operating temperature range due to the low phase transition temperature. Recently, many studies have been conducted to improve the temperature stability of ferroelectric ceramics by controlling the grain size and crystal structure, so it is necessary to study the effect of the grain size on the piezoelectric properties and the temperature stability of PZT-relaxor ferroelectric system. In this study, the piezoelectric properties, phase transition temperature, and temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) of 0.9 Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3-0.1 Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PZTx-PZN) ceramics with various grain sizes were investigated. PZTx-PZN ceramics with larger grain size showed higher piezoelectric properties and temperature stability, and are expected to be suitable for ultrasonic devices in the future.
Theoretical background for the meaning of various piezoelectric properties can be easily found in a number of textbooks and academic papers. In contrast, how they are actually measured and characterized are rarely described, though this information would be the most important especially to the researchers who just started working on the field. It follows that this report was intended to provide a practical guidance for measuring basic but essential properties of ferroelectric-based piezoelectric materials. The discussion begins with how to measurement dielectric properties such as dielectric permittivity and loss (dissipation factor), followed by piezoelectric properties such as piezoelectric constants, electromechanical coupling factor, and quality factor as well as ferroelectric features, i.e., electric field dependent polarization hysteresis. Though our discussion here is limited to the techniques that are already well-standardized, it is expected to make a seed to be developed into more challenging and creative ones.
Pb(Sb0.5Nb0.5)x(Zr0.51Ti0.49)1-xO3 (abbreviation: PSN-PZT) ceramics were synthesized, using conventional bulk ceramic processing technology, with various PSN doping contents. The maximum density of PSN-PZT was 97% of the theoretical density in the samples sintered at 1,250℃. The maximum values of the piezoelectric properties achieved using the conventional processes were: kp of 0.625, d33 of 531 pC/N, and g33 of 33 mV·m/N. Finally, we fabricated a piezo-speaker with the optimized PSN-PZT ceramics. The SPL of the speaker was measured at a distance of 1 m, with a driving voltage of 40 Vrms in the frequency range of ~300 Hz to 9 kHz. The measured SPLmax was at a very high level (95 dB), which was superior in quality in comparison with those of other commercial products.
The piezoelectric properties of 0.65Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3-0.35Pb(Zn1/6Ni1/6Nb2/3)O3 (PZTx-PZNN) ceramics with 0.530≤ x≤0.555 were investigated for application to piezoelectric energy harvesters. Although a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) was found at approximately x＝0.545, the ceramic with the highest figure of merit (FOM) (d33×g33) was observed at a composition of x＝0.540. Values of this figure of merit, d33×g33, of 19.6 pm2/N and 20.2 pm2/N were obtained from PZT0.540-PZNN ceramics sintered at 920℃ and 950℃, respectively. A high output power of 937 μW and a high power density of 3.3 mW/cm3 were obtained from unimorph-type piezoelectric energy harvesters fabricated using PZT0.540-PZNN ceramic sintered at 920℃ for 4h.
Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)0.07(Ni1/3Nb2/3)0.10(Zr0.5Ti0.5)0.83O3 composition ceramics with high piezoelectric properties were fabricated by the columbite precursor method for ultrasonic generators, and the effects of sintering temperature on microstructure and piezoelectric properties were systematically investigated. It was found that the tetragonality of the ceramics decreased with increase in sintering temperature. Moreover, excellent physical properties such as d33=447 pC/N, εr=1,843, kp=0.641, and Qm=1,207 were obtained for an ultrasonic generator when the second calcination temperature and sintering temperature were 720℃ and 920℃, respectively.
In this study, in order to develop composition ceramics for Acoustic Emission (abbreviated as AE) sensor application, the PZT system ceramics was fabricated by conventional solid state reaction method. When x=0.48, the density, electromechanical coupling factor(kp), piezoelectric coefficient d33 and piezoelectric voltage constant g33 of the maximum values of 7.857 g/cm3, 0.51, 190[pC/N], 52[10-3mV/N] were obtained, respectively, suitable for AE sensor.
In this paper, in order to develop optimum composition ceramics with excellent piezoelectric properties, (Na0.525K0.443Li0.037)(Nb0.823Sb0.08Ta0.037)O3 + 0.3 wt%Bi2O3 + 0.4 wt%Fe2O3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were synthesized by conventional soild-state method. The calcination temperature of columbite precursors were fabricated at temperature range from 950℃ to 1,150℃ and sintering aids with low melting point were added to densify these ceramics. Effect of calcination temperature on dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ceramics were investigated. the ceramics with B-site columbite precursors at temperature of 1,100℃ obtained the optimal values of d33=272 [pC/N], kp=0.51, Qm=102, εr=978.
In this work, [Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)0.03(Ni1/3Nb2/3)x(Zr0.5Ti0.5)0.97-xO3-BiFeO3] (x=0.02 to 0.12) composition ceramics were fabricated by the conventional soild state reaction method and their microstructure and piezoelectric properties were investigated according to PNN substitution. The addition of small amount of BiFeO3, Li2CO3, and CaCO3 were used in order to decrease the sintering temperature of the ceramics. The XRD (x-ray diffraction patterns) of all ceramics exhibited a perovskite structure. The sinterability of PMW-PNN-PZT-BF ceramics was remarkably improved using liquid phase sintering of CaCO3, Li2CO3. However, it was identified from of the X-ray diffraction patterns that the secondary phase formed in grain boundaries decreased the piezoelectric properties. According to the substitution of PNN, the crystal structure of ceramics is transformed gradually from a tetragonal to rhombohedral phase. The x=0.10 mol PNN-substituted PMW-PNN-PZT-BF ceramics sintered at 920 showed the optimum values of piezoelectric constant(d33), piezoelectric figure of merit(d33·g33), planar piezoelectric coupling coefficient(kp) and density : d33=566 [pC/N], g33=29.28 [10-3mV/N], d33·g33=16.57 [pm2/N], kp=0.61, density=7.82 [g/cm3], suitable forduplex ultrasonic sensor application.
In this study, (1-x)Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)0.03(Ni1/3Nb2/3)0.09(Zr0.5Ti0.5)0.88O3 + xCeMnO3 (x= 0∼0.02) ceramics were prepared by Columbite precursor method. The phase structure, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties were systematically investigated. It was found that PMW-PNN-PZT possessed superior electrical properties due to its composition close to the MPB (morphotropic phase boundary). Coercive electric field of 10.05 [kV/cm] and density of 7.88 [g/cm3] were obtained when the substitution amount of CeMnO3 is x=0.02. In contrast, specimens with x=0.01 showed the mechanical quality factor(Qm) of 1,091 and the electromechanical coupling factor(kp) of 0.613.
(Na,K)NbO3-based piezoelectric ceramics were synthesized by a solid phase sintering method with various milling solvents. The solvents were varied with acetone, ethanol, and pure water to investigate the effect on the microstructure and electrical properties. NKN ceramics showed the maximum values of the relative density (94%), the mechanical quality factor (Qm: 78) and the electro-mechanical coupling factor (kp: 0.25) at the ethanol solvent. It might mean that a solid phase sintering of the NKN piezoelectrics with a suitable solvent could improve the relative density and the piezoelectric properties.
(Na0.525K0.4425Li0.0375)(Nb0.9975Sb0.065Ta0.0375)O3 + 0.3 wt%CoO ceramics were fabricated as a functionof CuO addition by traditional solid state sintering process in order to develop excellent lead-freepiezoelectric ceramics composition. The addition of CuO in the LNKNTS composition ceramics caneffectively enhance the densification of the ceramics, resulting in the oxygen vacancies as hardeningeffect. The excellent piezoelectric properties of electromechanical coupling factor(kP) of 0.378, piezoelectricconstant(d33) of 152 pC/N were obtained from the 1.0 mol% CuO doped LNKNTS ceramics sintered at1,020℃ for 3 h.
MnO2-doped 0.985[Li0.04(Na0.545K0.46)0.96(Nb0.81Ta0.15Sb0.04)]O3+0.015KNbO3(0.985LNKNTS+0.015KNbO3)lead-free ceramics were fabricated by conventional solid state method to develop excellent dielectric andpiezoelectric properties. The result of X-ray diffraction patterns obviously indicated that all of thespecimen has pure perovskite structure without secondary phase. In addition, orthorhombic phase andcoexistance region of orthorhombic-tetragonal phase (MPB) were observed with amount of MnO2. Theoptimal values of ρ=4.70 g/cm3, d33=238 pC/N, kP=0.46, Qm=121, εr=849, and TC=225℃ were obtained at0.01 mol% MnO2 doped 0.985LNKNTS+0.015KNbO3 ceramics sintered at 990℃ for 5 h, respectively. Hence, it was indicated that the suitable amount of MnO2 could improve the electrical properties of0.985[Li0.04(Na0.545K0.46)0.96](Nb0.81Ta0.15Sb0.04)]O3+0.015KNbO3 ceramics.
In this study, lead-free Piezoelectric (Na0.47K0.47Sr0.03Ca0.03)(Nb0.94Ti0.06)O3-0.1 MnO2 ceramics werefabricated using mixed oxide method and the effects of various sintering temperature on the structural andelectrical properties were investigated. For the (Na0.47K0.47Sr0.03Ca0.03)(Nb0.94Ti0.06)O3-0.1 MnO2 (NKN-SCT-MnO2)ceramics sintered at temperatures of 1,025∼1,100℃. The results indicated that all specimens were perovskitesingle phase formation without any second phase. It has been shown that relative density is increased toincreasing sintering temperature. When the sintered temperature at 1,075℃, highest sintered density andmaximum value of 4.45 g/cm3. Average grain size is increased to increasing sintering temperature. Theelectromechanical coupling factor, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, d33 and curie temperature at the sinteringtemperature 1,075℃ of NKN-SCT-MnO2 specimens were 0.22, 511, 0.033, 103 and 380℃, respectively.
(Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3+0.04wt% CeO2 lead-free ceramics were prepared by conventional oxide-mixed method and the effect of sintering temperature on microstructure, dielecrric and piezoelectric properties were investigated. Improved piezoelectric properties have been observed at 1,400℃ sintering temperature which show the optimal electrical properties, kp~0.412, d33~316 Pc/N, Qm~144, ~3,345 and Tc~85℃. These results show that the sintering temperature plays an important role in piezoelectric properties.
(Na,K)NbO3-based piezoelectric ceramics were synthesized by a liquid phase sintering method with a selected glass frit. The effects of the content of the glass frit and the sintering temperature on the microstructure and the electrical properties of the samples were investigated. With the 0.1 wt% of glass frit content, (Na0.52K0.44Li0.06)(Nb0.84Ta0.10Sb0.06)O3 (NKL-NTS) ceramics showed the maximum values of the relative density (99.1%) and the electro-mechanical coupling factor (kp: 0.32) at the sintering temperature of 1,050℃. It might mean that a liquid phase sintering with a suitable glass frit having the lower flow temperature could improve the relative density and the piezoelectric properties.
(Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3 + 0.04 wt% CeO2 lead-free ceramics were synthesized by conventional sintering process and the effect of calcination temperature on microstructure, dielectric and piezoelectric properties were investigated. Improved piezoelectric properties have been observed at 1,125℃ calcination temperature which show the optimal electrical properties, kp∼0.457, d33∼367 pC/N, Qm∼158 and Tc∼85℃. These results show that the piezoelectric properties can be improved by appropriate calcination temperature.
In this paper, the + 0.005KNhO: ÷ xwt9`o le02 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics for energy harvesting devices were fabricated by the conventiona] mixed oxide method. The microstructure, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties were investigated as a function of the Te09 addition. All the specimens showed an orthorhombic phase structure. At the composition ceramics doped with 0.1 wt%Te02, the optimum values of da 212 pC/N, d33`g33= 9.54 pm2/N, and kp= 0.448 were obtained, respectively. The results indicate that the composition ceramics is a promising candidate for energy harvesting devices applications.
In this paper, the 0.95(Na_0.5K_0.5)_0.04[(Nb_0.8Ta_0,20)_0.994Co_0.015]O_3(abbreviated as NKNT) + 0.05KNbO_3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were synthesized by the conventional mixed oxide method route with normal sintering. And also, the effects of calcination temperature on the microstructure, dielectric properties, and piezoelectric properties were investigated. A polymorphic phase transition(PPT) between orthorhombic and tetragonal phases was observed in specimens calcined at 810℃∼850℃. The ceramics calcined at 830℃ showed excellent piezoelectric properties: d_33= 179 pC/N, k_p= 0.384, Q_m= 79.73). These results indicate that the ceramic is a promising candidate material for lead-free piezoelectric ceramics.
In this study, [Li0.04(Na0.5K0.5)0.96](Nb0.86Ta0.10Sb0.04)O3 + xSrO (x=0, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075) ceramics were synthesized by the conventional mixed oxide method. The X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrated that ceramics possessed single perovskite structure. The SEM images indicate that microstructure can be obviously affected by a small amount of added SrO. The phase transition temperature tetragonal-cubic(T(c)) and orthorhombic -tetragonal(T(o-t)) shifts downward and upward with the increase of Sr addition, respectively. The excellent piezoelectric properties of d33=170[pC/N], k(p)=0.37, Q(m)=64.12, T(o-t)=153℃ and T(c)=370℃ were obtained from the 0.25 mol% Sr added ceramics sintered at 1,120℃ for 1 h.
Lead-free 0.98(Na0.5,K0.5)NbO3-0.02Li(Sb0.17Ti0.83)O3 (hereafter 0.98NKN-0.02LST) ceramics doped with Ag2O were prepared using a conventional mixed oxide method. The specimen showed superior structural and electrical properties when 1 mol% Ag2O was doped. For the 0.98NKN-0.02LST+1.0 mol%Ag2O ceramics sintered at 1,100℃, piezoelectric constant (d33) of sample showed the optimum values of 207 pC/N. The 0.98NKN-0.02LST+1.0 mol%Ag2O ceramics are a promising candidate for lead-free piezoelectric materials.
The (Na0.52K0.44)(Nb0.9Sb0.06)O3-0.04dLiTaO3 (NKNS-LT) ceramics with various Cu2O concentration were prepared by the conventional solid state reaction method. The Cu2O content was varied in the range of 0.1~0.4 wt%. The effects of Cu on microstructure, crystallographic phase transition, and piezoelectric properties were investigated. The material with perovskite structure had a tetragonal phase (T1) when Cu2O concentration was less than 0.3 wt% and it transformed to another tetragonal phase (T2) when the Cu2O amount was greater than 0.3 wt%. The phase boundary between T1 and T2 phases appeared at around 0.3 wt% of Cu2O concentration. The piezoelectric properties were shown the maximum values at the composition of the phase boundary. The electro-mechanical coupling factor (kp) was 0.42 and the piezoelectric charge constant (d33) was 245 pC/N at the 0.3 wt% of Cu2O concentration.
Additions (ZnO, CuO) doped 0.98(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-0.02Li(Sb0.17Ta0.83)O3 (0.98NKN-0.02LST-x) lead free piezoelectric ceramics have been fabricated by ordinary sintering technique. The effects of additions doping on the dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties of the ceramics were mainly investigated. X-ray diffraction of the sample appeared orthorhombic phase. The specimen doped with additions exhibits enhanced electrical properties (d33= 153 pC/N). These results indicate that the 0.98NKN-0.02LST-x ceramics is a promising candidate for lead-free piezoelectric ceramics for applications such as piezoelectric actuators, harmonic oscillator and so on.
The lead-free 0.98(Na0.5,K0.5)NbO3-0.02Ba(Zr0.52,Ti0.48)O3-(hereafter NKN-BZT) CuO, ZnO-doped ceramics were prepared using a conventional mixed oxide method. NKN-BZT ceramics doped CuO, ZnO have superior structural and electrical properties than pure NKN-BZT ceramics. For the NKN-BZT-ZnO ceramics sintered at 1,120℃, piezoelectric constant (d33) of sample showed the optimum values of 172 pC/N. The 0.98(Na0.5,K0.5)NbO3-0.02Ba(Zr0.52,Ti0.48)O3-ZnO ceramics are a promising candidate for lead-free piezoelectric materials.
We studied sintering temperature to enhance the piezoelectric properties of 0.98(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-0.02Li(Sb0.17Ta0.83)O3+0.01wt%ZnO (hereafter NKN-LST+ZnO) lead free piezoelectric ceramics. The synthesis and sintering method were the conventional solid state reaction method and sintering was executed at 1,080∼1,120℃. We found that NKN-LST+ZnO ceramics at optimal sintering temperature showed the improved piezoelectric properties at the optimal sintering temperature. The NKN-LST+ZnO ceramics show good performance with piezoelectric constant d33= 153 pC/N sintered at 1,090℃. The results reveal that NKN-LST+ZnO ceramics are promising candidate materials for lead-free piezoelectric application.
In this study, non-stoichiometric 1-x[(K0.5Na0.5)0.97(Nb0.96Sb0.04)O3] + x CeMnO3 + 0.8 mol%CuO + 0.2 wt% Ag2O (x=0, 0.005) ceramics were prepared by a conventional mixed oxide and carbonate method, their dielectric and piezoelectric properties were investigated with the variations of sintering temperature. As CeMnO3 substitution incereased, the density, piezoelectric constant(d33) and dielectric constant(εr) were increased and the mechanical quality factor(Qm) was decreased. At the sintering temperature of 1100℃, the density, electromechanical coupling factor(kp), dielectric constant(εr) and piezoelectric constant(d33) of 0.5mol% CeMnO3 specimen showed the optimun values of 4.475 g/㎤, 0.437, 552 and 166 pC/N, respectively. However, the mechanical quality factor(Qm) showed the minimum value of 380.
Abstract: The 0.98 (Na0.44K0.52)Nb0.84O3-0.02Li0.04 (Sb0.06Ta0.1)O3-0.5 mol%CuO ceramics have been fabircated by ordinary sintering technique and the effect of various calcination method on the electrical propertis and microstructure have been studied. It was observed that the various calcination method influenced the elelctrical properties and structural properties of the 0.98NKN-0.02LST-0.5 mol%CuO ceramics with the optimum piezoelectric constant (d33) and electromechanical coupling factor (kp) at room temperature of about 155ρC/N and 0.349, respectively, from 0.98NKN-0.02LST-0.5 mol%CuO ceramics sample. The curie temperature (Tc) of this ceramic was found at 440℃. The 0.98NKN-0.02LST-0.5 mol%CuO ceramics are a promising lead-free piezoelectric ceramics.
In this study, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of the (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-(1-x)(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3- xBaTiO3 [NKN-(1-x)BNT-xBT] ceramics were investigated. The lead-free NKN-(1-x)BNT-xBT ceramics were fabricated by a conventional mixed oxide method. The results indicate that the addition of BaTiO3 significantly influences the sintering, microstructure, phase transition and electrical properties of NKN-BNT ceramics. A gradual change in the piezoelectric and dielectric properties was observed with the increase of BT contents. The dielectric constant, piezoelectric constant (d33) and electromechanical coupling factor (kp) increased at the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). The d33=184 pC/N, kp=0.38, dielectric constant=1455 with dielectric loss value of less than 1% were obtained for the NKN-0.95BNT-0.05BT ceramics sintered at 1150℃ for 2h. These results demonstrate that the NKN-(1-x)BNT-xBT ceramics is an attractive candidate for lead-free piezoelectric materials.
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