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"Phase formation"

Phase Formation and Sintering Behaviors of Bi4Ti3O12 Ceramics Synthesizes by Solid-State Reaction and Co-precipitation Methods
Donghun Lee, Changyeon Baek, Gyoung-ja Lee, Min-ku Lee, Kwi-il Park
J Electr Electron Mater 2026;39(2):203-209.
Published online March 1, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4313/JEEM.2026.39.2.10
Bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics with high Curie temperatures have recently attracted significant attention as promising candidates for high-temperature piezoelectric applications. However, the conventional solid-state reaction method entails high-temperature processing that induces bismuth volatilization, thereby degrading device reliability. In this study, we employed a co-precipitation method enabling atomic-level mixing to significantly lower the synthesis temperature of Nb/Tadoped Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics compared to the solid-state reaction method. Experimental results demonstrated that the coprecipitation method yielded a pure single phase at 600℃ without intermediate phases. Furthermore, the synthesized nanopowders, with an average size of 100 nm, lowered the onset temperature of sintering shrinkage to 650℃, approximately 200℃ lower than that of the solid-state counterpart. The low-temperature synthesis process proposed in this work is expected to contribute to the performance enhancement of high-temperature piezoelectric devices by effectively suppressing bismuth volatilization and ensuring compositional stability.
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