The direct utilization of steelmaking by-product gases in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offers a promising pathway to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions in the steel industry. In this study, a Sr-deficient and Ni-doped double perovskite oxide, Sr_1.95Fe_1.35Ni_0.15Mo_0.5O_6-δ (SFNM), was investigated as an anode material for direct Linz-Donawitz converter gas (LDG)-fueled SOFCs. A single-phase double perovskite structure was successfully obtained after calcination at 1,200°C for 12 h, while exsolved metallic Ni nanoparticles were generated on the SFNM surface after reduction at 800°C. Electrochemical performance was evaluated using H₂, simulated-LDG, and CO/CO₂ (85:15) fuels at 800°C. The maximum power densities achieved were 1.23, 0.70, and 0.40 W cm^-2 for H₂, simulated-LDG, and CO/CO₂ fuels, respectively. Although CO-containing fuels exhibited lower opencircuit voltages and power outputs than H₂, the SFNM anode maintained stable operation and appreciable performance under direct simulated-LDG utilization. Impedance analysis revealed that the increased polarization resistance in simulated-LDG and CO/CO₂ atmospheres was mainly associated with fuel adsorption/desorption and gas diffusion, while interfacial charge-transfer resistance remained relatively small. The superior performance obtained with simulated-LDG compared to the CO/CO₂ mixture was attributed to the presence of a small amount of H₂, which facilitated anode reaction kinetics. These results demonstrate that SFNM is a promising mixed ionic-electronic conductor anode for the direct electrochemical conversion of CO-rich steelmaking by-product gases into electricity.

The safety and stability concerns of liquid electrolytes in conventional lithium-ion batteries have accelerated the development of solid-state alternatives. NASICON type ceramics Li_1.5Al_0.5Ti_1.5(PO₄)₃ (LATP) offer promising properties, including high bulk ionic conductivity and good compatibility with lithium anodes. However, their practical application is hindered by grain boundary resistance and relatively low total ionic conductivity. This study investigates the effect of Ta₂O₅ doping on LATP to overcome these limitations. Doping with 5 wt% Ta₂O₅ improved the ionic conductivity to 2.95 × 10-4 S/cm by enhancing lattice structure, reducing grain boundary resistance, and suppressing the formation of secondary phase. Additionally, Ta₂O₅ positively influenced the sintering behavior, resulting in a denser, and more uniform microstructure. These enhancements suggest that Ta₂O₅-doped LATP is a strong candidate for next-generation all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.

Bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics with high Curie temperatures have recently attracted significant attention as promising candidates for high-temperature piezoelectric applications. However, the conventional solid-state reaction method entails high-temperature processing that induces bismuth volatilization, thereby degrading device reliability. In this study, we employed a co-precipitation method enabling atomic-level mixing to significantly lower the synthesis temperature of Nb/Tadoped Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ ceramics compared to the solid-state reaction method. Experimental results demonstrated that the coprecipitation method yielded a pure single phase at 600℃ without intermediate phases. Furthermore, the synthesized nanopowders, with an average size of 100 nm, lowered the onset temperature of sintering shrinkage to 650℃, approximately 200℃ lower than that of the solid-state counterpart. The low-temperature synthesis process proposed in this work is expected to contribute to the performance enhancement of high-temperature piezoelectric devices by effectively suppressing bismuth volatilization and ensuring compositional stability.

This review examines the use of halide perovskite materials in electronic devices, highlighting their exceptional optoelectronic properties and the challenges associated with them. Despite their potential for high-performance devices, practical applications are limited by sensitivity to environmental factors such as moisture and oxygen, etc. We discuss advances in enhancing stability and operational reliability, featuring innovative synthesis methods and device engineering strategies that help mitigate degradation. Furthermore, we explore the integration of perovskites in applications such as field-effect transistors and LEDs, emphasizing their transformative potential. This review also outlines future research directions, stressing the need for ongoing improvements in material stability and device integration to fully realize the commercial potential of perovskites.

The expansion of lithium-ion battery usage beyond portable electronic devices to electric vehicles and energy storage systems is driven by their high energy density and favorable cycle characteristics. Enhancing the stability and performance of these batteries involves exploring solid electrolytes as alternatives to liquid ones. While sulfide-based solid electrolytes have received significant attention for commercialization, research on amorphous-phase glass solid electrolytes in oxide-based systems remains limited. Here, we investigate the glass transition temperatures and sintering behaviors by changing the molecular ratio of Li₂O/B₂O₃ in borate glass comprising Li₂O-B₂O₃-Al₂O₃ system. The glass transition temperature is decreasing as increasing the amount of Li₂O. When we sintered at 450℃, just above the glass transition temperature, the samples did not consolidate well, while the proper sintered samples could be obtained under the higher temperature. We successfully obtained the borate glass ceramics phases by melt-quenching method, and the sintering characteristics are investigated. Future studies could explore optimizing ion conductivity through refining processing conditions, adjusting the glass former-to-modifier ratio, and incorporating additional Li salt to enhance the ionic conductivity.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted great attention as the common power source in energy storage fields of large-scale applications such as electrical vehicles (EVs), industries, power plants, and grid-scale energy storage systems (ESSs). Insertion, alloying, and conversion reactions are the main electrochemical energy storage mechanisms in LIBs, which determine their electrochemical properties and performances. The electrochemical reaction mechanisms are determined by several factors including crystal structure, components, and composition of electrode materials. This article reviews a new strategy to compensate for the intrinsic shortcomings of each reaction mechanism by introducing the material systems to form a single compound with different types of reaction mechanisms and to allow the simultaneous hybrid electrochemical reaction of two different mechanisms in a single solid solution phase.

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in various applications, including electric vehicles and portable electronics, due to their high energy density and long cycle life. The performance of lithium-ion batteries can be improved by using solid electrolytes, in terms of higher safety, stability, and energy density. Li_1.5Al_0.5Ti_1.5(PO₄)₃ (LATP) is a promising solid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium batteries due to its high ionic conductivity and excellent stability. However, the ionic conductivity of LATP needs to be improved for commercializing all-solid-state lithium battery systems. In this study, we investigate the microstructures and ionic conductivities of LATP by incorporating B₂O₃ glass ceramics. The smaller grain size and narrow size distribution were obtained after the introduction of B₂O₃ in LATP, which is attributed to the B₂O₃ glass on grain boundaries of LATP. Moreover, higher ionic conductivity can be obtained after B₂O₃ incorporation, where the optimal composition is 0.1 wt% B₂O₃ incorporated LATP and the ionic conductivity reaches 8.8×10^-5 S/cm, more than 3 times higher value than pristine LATP. More research could be followed for having higher ionic conductivity and density by optimizing the processing conditions. This facile approach for establishing higher ionic conductivity in LATP solid electrolytes could accelerate the commercialization of all-solid-state lithium batteries.

In a solar cell, degradation refers to the decrease in performance parameters caused by defects originated due to various causes. During the fabrication process of solar cells, degradation is generally related to the processes such as passivation or firing. There exist sources of many types of degradation; however, the exact cause of Light and elevated Temperature Induced Degradation (LeTID) is yet to be determined. It is reported that the degradation and the regeneration occur due to the recombination of hydrogen and an arbitrary substance. In this paper, we report the deposition of Al₂O₃ and SiN_X on silicon wafers used in the Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact (PERC) solar structure and its degradation pattern. A higher degradation rate was observed in the sample with single layer of Al₂O₃ only, which indicates that the degradation is affected by the presence or the absence of a passivation thin film. In order to alleviate the degradation, optimization of different steps should be carried out in consideration of degradation in the solar cell fabrication process.

Capacitive-type humidity sensors with a high sensitivity and fast response/recovery times have attracted a great attention in non-contact respiration biological signal monitoring applications. However, complicated fabrication processes involving high-temperature heat treatment for the hygroscopic film is essential in the conventional ceramic-based humidity sensors. In this study, a non-toxic ceramic/metal halide (BaTiO₃(BT)/NaCl) humidity sensor was prepared at room temperature using a solvent-free aerosol deposition process (AD) without any additional process. Currently prepared BT/NaCl humidity sensor shows an excellent sensitivity (245 pF/RH%) and superior response/recovery times (3s/4s) due to the NaCl ionization effect resulting in an immense interfacial polarization. Furthermore, the non-contact respiration signal variation using the BT/NaCl sensor was determined to be over 700% by maintaining the distance of 20 cm between the individual and the sensor. Through the AD-fabricated sensor in this study, we expect to develop a non-contact biological signal monitoring system that can be applied to various fields such as respiratory disease detection and management, infant respiratory signal observation, and touchless skin moisture sensing button.

An all-solid-state electrochromic film was fabricated by laminating tungsten oxide (WO₃) and nickel oxide (NiO) thin films deposited by a reactive DC magnetron sputtering on flexible ITO films. The influence of oxygen partial pressure on the crystal structure, microstructure, optical properties, and electrochromic properties of WO₃ and NiO thin films were investigated. WO₃ and NiO films showed the best electrochromic properties under the flow of Ar:O₂=80:20 and Ar:O₂=90:10, respectively. The EC film fabricated with an optimized WO₃ and NiO films showed a high coloration efficiency, a fast response time, and a stable optical modulation. It is expected that flexible EC window films will pave the way for the next-generation energy-saving windows.

All-solid-state thin-film battery can realize the integration of electronic circuits into small devices. However, a high voltage cathode material is required to compensate for the low energy density. Therefore, it is necessary to study all-solid-state thin-film battery based on the high voltage cathode material LNMO. Nevertheless, the electrochemical properties deteriorate due to the problem of the interface between LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (LNMO) and the solid electrolyte LiPON. In this study, to solve this problem, amorphous V₂O₅ was deposited as an interlayer between LNMO and LiPON. We confirmed the possibility of improving cycle performance of LNMO based thin-film battery. We expect that the results of this study can extend the battery lifespan of small devices using LNMO based all-solid-state thin-film battery.

For the last decades, a research hotspot for the halide perovskites (HPs) is now showing great progress in terms of improving efficiency for numerous photovoltaic devices (PVDs). However, it still faces challenges in the case of long-term stability in the air atmosphere. Defect-free high-quality HP single crystals show their promising properties for the remarkable development of highly efficient and stable PVDs. Here, we summarize the growth processing routes for the stable HP single crystals as well as briefly discuss the pros and cons of those well-established synthesis routes. Furthermore, we briefly include the comparison note between the HP single crystals and polycrystalline perovskite films regarding their device applications. Based on the future progress, the review concludes subjective perspectives and current challenges for the development of HPs high-quality PVDs.

In this study, we introduce a Na β″-alumina composite thick film as a solid electrolyte, to reduce the resistance of electrolyte for a Na/S battery. An alumina/zirconia composite material was used to enhance the mechanical properties of the electrolyte. A solid electrolyte of about 40 μm thick was successfully fabricated through the conversion and tape-casting methods. In order to investigate the effect of the surface treatment process of the solid electrolyte on the battery performance, the electrolyte was polished by dry and wet processes, respectively, and then the Na/S batteries were prepared for analyzing the battery characteristics. The battery with the dry process performed much better than the battery made with the wet process. As a result, the battery manufactured by the dry process showed excellent performance. Therefore, it is confirmed that the surface treatment process of the solid electrolyte has an important effect on the battery capacity and coulombic efficiency, as well as the interface reaction.

All-solid-state thin-film lithium-ion batteries are important in the development of next-generation energy storage devices with high energy density. However, thin-film batteries have many challenges in their manufacturing procedure. This is because there are many factors, such as substrate selection, to consider when producing the thin film multilayer structure. In this study, we compare the fabrication and performance of all-solid-state thin-film lithium-ion batteries with a LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode/LiPON solid electrolyte/ Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ anode structure using stainless steel and Si substrates with different surface roughness. We demonstrate that the smoother the surface of the substrate, the thinner the thickness of the all-solid-state thin-film lithium-ion battery that can be made, and as a result, the corresponding electrochemical characteristics can be improved.

To overcome the limitations of the conventional Ni anode-supported SOFCs, various types of ceramic anodes have been studied. However, these ceramic anodes are difficult to commercialize because of their low cell performances and difficulty in manufacturing anode-support typed SOFCs. Therefore, in this study, to use these ceramic anodes and take advantage of anode-supported SOFC, which can minimize ohmic loss from the thin electrolyte, we fabricated cathode support-typed SOFC. The cathode-support of LSCF-YSZ was prepared by the acid treatment of conventional Ni-YSZ (Yttria-stabilized Zirconia) anode-support, followed by the infiltration of LSCF to YSZ scaffold. The composite of La(Sr)Ti(Ni)O₃ and Ce(Mn, Fe)O₂ was used as the ceramic anode. The fabricated cathode-supported button cell showed a relatively low power density of 0.207 Wcm^-2 at 850℃; however, it is expected to show better performance through the optimization of the infiltration rate and thickness of LSCF-YSZ cathode-support layer.

This paper reports the microstructure and electrochemical properties of Si-Al-Fe ternary amorphous alloys prepared by rapid solidification as an anode for lithium secondary batteries. The microstructure was analyzed using XRD and HR-TEM with EDS mapping. In accordance with DSC analysis, annealing was performed to crystallize the active nano-Si in the amorphous alloy. Thus, nano-Si forms (~80 nm) embedded in the matrix alloy, such as Fe₂Al₃Si₃, FeSi₂, and Fe_0.42Si_2.67, were successfully synthesized. The electrode based on the Si-Al-Fe ternary alloy delivered an initial discharge capacity of approximately 700 mAh ^g-1, and exhibited a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.0~99.6% from the 2^nd to 70^th cycles.

In this paper, we investigated the effect of Co content on the microstructural and electrical properties of Ni_0.79Mn_2.21-xCo_xO₄ (x=0 to 0.25) specimens. Solid-state reaction was used to prepare the bulk specimens. XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns showed that all compositions had a cubic spinel phase. As a result of the microstructural properties, FE-SEM(field-emission scanning electron microscopy) analysis showed a dense structure, and the mean grain size increased from 5.24 μm to 7.33 μm with an increase of Co content from x=0 to 0.25. All specimens exhibited the typical NTC thermistor characteristics as the electrical resistance exponentially decreased with increasing temperature. The resistivity and the B-value of Ni_0.79Mn_1.96Co_0.25O₄ were 2959 Ω·cm and 3719, respectively.

Single-chamber solid oxide fuel cells (SC-SOFCs) consist of only one gas chamber, in which both the anode and the cathode are exposed to the same fuel-oxidant mixture. Thus, this configuration shows good thermal and mechanical resistance and allows rapid start-up and -down. In this study, the unit cell consisting of La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ (cathode) / Zr_0.84Y_0.16O_2-x (electrolyte) / Ni-Zr_0.84Y _0.16O_2-x (anode) was fabricated and its electrochemical property was investigated as a function of temperature and the volume ratio of fuel and oxidant for SC-SOFCs. Impedance spectra were also investigated in order to figure out the electrical characteristics of the cell. As a result, the cell performance was governed by the polarization resistances of the electrodes. The cell exhibited an acceptable cell-performance of 86 mW/cm2 at 800℃ and stable performance for 3 hs under 0.7 V.

The perovskite solid solutions of the Sr1-xMgxFe3+ 1-τFe4+ τO3-y system (x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) were synthesized in N2 at 1,150℃. X-ray powder diffraction study assured that all the four samples had cubic symmetries(SM-0: 3.865 Å, SM-1: 3.849 Å, SM-2: 3.833 Å, and SM-3: 3.820 Å) and that the lattice volumes decreased steadily from 57.7 Å3 to 55.7 Å3 with x values. The nonstoichiometric chemical formulas were determined by Mohr salt analysis and with the increase of x values the amounts of Fe4+ ion and oxygen were decreased simultaneously. Thermal analysis showed that SM-0 started to lose its oxygen at 450℃ and SM-1, Sm-2, and SM-3 began to lose their oxygen at around 350～400℃. SM-0 showed almost reversible weight change in the cooling process. All the samples exhibited semiconducting behaviors in the temperature range of 10~400℃. Conductivities of the 4 samples were decreased in the order of SM-0, SM-1, SM-2, and SM-3 at constant temperature. The activation energies of the conductions were in the range of 0.176 eV～0.244 eV.

Electronic systems based on solid state devices have changed to be more complicated and miniaturized as the electronic systems developed. If the electronic systems are exposed to HPEM (high power electromagnetics), the systems will be destroyed by the coupling effects of electromagnetic waves. Because the HPEM has fast rise time and high voltage of the pulse, the semiconductors are vulnerable to external stress factor such as the coupled electromagnetic pulse. Therefore, we will discuss about malfunction behavior and DFR (destruction failure rate) of the semiconductor caused by amplitude and repetition rate of the pulse. For this experiment, the pulses were injected into the pins of general purpose IC due to the fact that pulse injection test enables the phenomenon after the HPEM is coupled to power cables. These pulses were produced by pulse generator and their characteristics are 2.1 [ns] of pulse width, 1.1 [ns] of pulse rise time and 30, 60, 120 [Hz] of pulse repetition rate. The injected pulses have changed frequency, period and duty ratio of output generated by Timer IC. Also, as the pulse repetition rate increases the breakdown threshold point of the timer IC was reduced.

Al thin films were deposited on TiN/Si(100) via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition using N-methylpyrrolidine alane as a precursor. Characterization of the deposited films were investigated with SEM, XRD, α-step, AFM, 4-point probe. The early stage of Al thin film deposition was analyzed by in-situ surface reflectance measurement with laser and photometer apparatus. The surface reflectance were changed greatly during the initial 30∼40 seconds. There were two increases and two decreases in the surface reflectance, thus the sequence of Al films were deposited at 8 significant points of the surface reflectance change. Surface topograph and cross-sectional view of each film were analyzed with SEM. Al films were grown in the complex mechanism of Volmer-Weber and Stranski-Krastanov process.

In solid oxide fuel cell system, yttria-stabilized zirconia is generally adopted as the electrolyte, which has high strength and superior oxygen ion conductivity, and the air electrode and the fuel electrode are attached to this. Recently, new structure of ``layered planar SOFC module`` was suggested to solve there liability problem due to the high temperature stability of a sealing agent and a binding material. In this study to materialize the air electrode in a layered planar SOFC module, the LSM ink was coated to form homogeneous electrode in the channel after the ink preparation. As the porosity control agent, PMMA oractive carbon powder was adopted with use of a commercial dispersant in ethanol. The optimal amounts of both the porosity control agents and the dispersant were determined. Four (4) vol% of the dispersant for the LSM-PMMA case and 15 vol% for LSM-carbon powder showed the lowest viscosities respectively to indicate the best dispersed states of the slurries. With PMMA and carbon powder, sintered LSM ink shows the relatively homogeneous distributions of pores and with increases of the agents, the porosities increased in both cases. From this, it can be thought that the amount of the PMMA or carbon powder could be used to control the porosity of the LSM ink.

The resistive switching characteristics of resistive random access memory (ReRAM) based onamorphous Ge0.5Se0.5 thin films have been demonstrated by using Ti/Ag nanocrystals/Ge0.5Se0.5/Ptstructure. Ag nanocrystals (Ag NCs) were spread on the amorphous Ge0.5Se0.5 thin film and they playedthe role of metal ions source. As a result, comparing the conventional Ag/Ge0.5Se0.5/Pt structure, thisTi/Ag NCs/Ge0.5Se0.5/Pt ReRAM device exhibits the highly uniform bipolar resistive switching (BRS)characteristics, such as the operating voltages, and the resistance values. At the same time, a stable DCendurance(> 100 cycles), and the excellent data retention (> 104 sec) properties were found from theTi/Ag NCs/Ge0.5Se0.5/Pt structured ReRAM device.

CaNb2O6:RE3+ (RE=Sm or Eu) phosphor powders were prepared with different contents of activatorions by using solid-state reaction method. The X-ray diffraction patterns exhibited that the phosphors synthesized with different activator ions showed an orthorhombic system with a main (131) diffraction peak. The maximum size of the grain particles, determined from the measurement of scanning electron microscopy, was observed at 0.05 mol of Eu3+ ions and at 0.01 mol of Sm3+. As for the Eu3+-doped phosphor powders, the excitation spectra were composed of a broad band peaked at 278 nm and several weak bands in the range of 350～500 nm, and the highest red emission spectrum was observed at 0.15 mol of Eu3+ ions. As for the Sm3+-activated phosphor powders, three strong emission bands under excitation at 273 nm were observed at 570, 612, and 659 nm, respectively. The intensities of all the emission bands approached maxima for 0.05mol of Sm3+ ions. The optical properties show that the Eu3+- or Sm3+-doped CaNb2O6 powders are promising red-orange emitting phosphor powders applicable to full-color photonic devices.

CaMoO4:Tb3+ green phosphor powders and thin films were successfully prepared by using the solid-state reaction method and the radio-frequency magnetron sputtering technique, respectively. The crystalline structure of all phosphor powders with different Tb3+ ion concentrations was found to be a tetragonal system with the maximum diffraction intensity at 28.58°, while that of the phosphor thin films, irrespective of the type of substrate, was amorphous. As for the phosphor powders, the grain particles showed the chain-like patterns with inhomogeneous size distribution, the excitation spectra were composed of a broad band peaked at 307 nm and two small narrow bands centered at 381 and 492 nm, and the highest green emission spectrum was observed at 0.01 mol of Tb3+ ions. As for the phosphor thin films, the average transmittance exceeding 85% was measured in the 400∼1,100 nm range and the optical band gap showed a significant dependence on the type of substrate.

Single crystalline Au nanowires were successfully synthesized in a tube-type furnace. The Au nanowires were grown by vapor phase synthesis technique using solid-liquid-solid (SLS) mechanism on substrates of corning glass and Si wafer. Prior to Au nanowire synthesis, Au thin film served as both catalyst and source for Au nanowire was prepared by sputtering process. Average length of the grown Au nanowires was approximately 1 μm on both the corning glass and Si wafer substrates, while the diameter and the density of which were dependent on the thickness of the Au thin film. To induce a super-saturated states for the Au particle catalyst and Au molecules during the Au nanowire synthesis, thickness of the Au catalyst thin film was fixed to 10 nm or 20 nm. Additionally, synthesis of the Au nanowires was carried out without introducing carrier gas in the tube furnace, and synthesis temperature was varied to investigate the temperature effect on the resulting Au nanowire characteristics.

The properties of green sheet were investigated in order to understanding an effects of organic solvent mixture ratio for solid oxide fuel cells fabrication, The purpose of this work is to optimize the slurry condition using the design of experiment to improve green sheet properties. The elongation increased with increasing amount of binder and solvent. With increasing amount of solvent, the air permeability increased but the tensile strength decreased. The best properties of the green sheet appeared amount of the binder 17 wt%, solvent 35 wt% and powder 48 wt%. The optimum condition of green and sintered density for solid oxide fuel cells fabrication was obtained in the sample pressured at 800kgf/㎠.

Synthesis of Li2MnSiO4 was attempted by the conventional solid-state reaction method, and the phase formation behavior according to the change of the calcination condition was investigated. When the mixture of the three source materials, Li2O, MnO and SiO2 powders, were used for calcination in air, it was difficult to develop the Li2MnSiO4 phase because the oxidation number of Mn2+ could not be maintained. Therefore, two-step calcination was applied: Li2SiO3 was made from Li2O and SiO2 at the first step, and Li2MnSiO4 was synthesized from Li2SiO3 and MnO at the second step. It was easy to make Li2SiO3 from Li2O and SiO2. Li2MnSiO4 single phase was developed by the calcination at 900℃ for 24 hr in Ar atmosphere as the oxidation of Mn2+ was prevented. However, the Li2MnSiO4 was γ -Li2MnSiO4, one of the polymorph of Li2MnSiO4, which could not be used as the cathode materials in Li-ion batteries. By applying the additional low temperature annealing at 400℃, the single phase β -Li2MnSiO4 powder was synthesized successfully through the phase transition from γ to β phase.

Y1-xVO4:Eux 3+ red phosphors were synthesized with changing the mol ratios of Eu3+ ions by using the solid-state reaction method. The crystalline structure of phosphors was found to be a tetragonal system with the maximum diffraction intensity at 25.02°. The grain particles showed the truncated hexagonal patterns with a very homogeneous size distribution at 0.05 mol of Eu3+ ion. The excitation spectra of the phosphor ceramics were composed of a broad band centered at 303 nm and weak narrow multilines peaked in the range of 360-420 nm. The dominant emission spectrum was the strong red emission centered at 619 nm due to the 5D0→7F2 electric dipole transition. The experimental results suggest that the optimum doping mol ratio of Eu3+ ions for preparing the red phosphors is 0.10 mol with the asymmetry ratio of 5.21.

Resistance-change Random Access Memory(ReRAM) memory, which utilizes electrochemical control of metal in thin films of solid electrolyte, shows great promise as a future solid state memory. The technology utilizes the electrochemical formation and removal of metallic pathways in thin films of solid electrolyte. Key attributes are low voltage and current operation, excellent scalability, and a simple fabrication sequence. In this work, we investigated the nature of thin films formed by photo doping of Ag+ ions into chalcogenide materials for use in solid electrolyte of Resistance-change RAM devices and switching characteristics according to field-effect.